Degradation mechanism of losartan in aqueous solutions under the effect of gamma radiation

Impact of gamma-irradiation on the degradation and mineralization of hydroxychloroquine aqueous solutions

“…The slowing down phase obtained later is in favour of much slower degradation of formed aliphatic intermediates by cleavage of the long chains into carbon dioxide and water. Similar results have been obtained in previous studies (LaVerne et al 2000 ; Ponomarev et al 2020 ; Sánchez-Polo et al 2009 ; Zaouak et al 2020 , 2021a , b ).…”

“…The same behaviour was amply described in the literature and could be explained by the important role of the hydroxyl radicals, issuing by water radiolysis, which react rapidly and with non-selectively with organic matter leading to low molecular weight products like carboxylic acids which ultimately transformed into carbon dioxide and water after successive hydroxyl radical’s attacks (LaVerne. 2000 ; Ponomarev et al 2020 ; Sánchez-Polo et al 2009 ; Zaouak et al 2020 , 2021a , b ).…”

“…For this reason, we have tried to estimate the energy consumed per mass of TOC removed during the treatment by ionizing radiation. Equation 15 gives the equation that has been used to determine the energy consumption (Brillas et al 2009 , Zaouak et al 2021a , b ). where P (in kW) is the electrical power of the gamma irradiator facility, t (in hours) is the irradiation time, V S is the solution volume ( L ), and (ΔTOC) exp is the experimental TOC decay (mg/L).…”

“…Nevertheless, promising alternatives based on Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP's) have appeared for wastewater treatment due to their capability to mineralize or to transform organic compounds into substances easily biodegrade (Ghime et al 2019 ; Ma et al 2021 ; Mohajerani et al 2009 ; Oturan et al 2014 ; Wang et al 2012 ). It is well established that all AOP (Photo-Fenton, electro-Fenton, photocatalysis, ozonation, sonolysis, anodic oxidation and ionizing radiation) have a common denominator due to radical species production, especially hydroxyl radical which has a powerful oxidizing agents with a high ability to react with organic substance leading to their total mineralization into carbon dioxide and water (Askri et al 2020 ; Chen et al 2020 ; Dabić et al 2019 ; Ennouri et al 2021 ; Ismail et al 2021 ; Zaouak et al 2013 , 2014 ; 2015 , 2018 , 2021a , b ; Wein et al 2020 ).…”