“…Recently, extensive efforts have been devoted to incorporating inorganic nanoparticles into the membrane polymeric matrix. Various types of inorganic nanoparticles such as titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) [18][19][20][21][22], alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) [19,23,24], zirconium (ZrO 2 ) [19,25], silica (SiO 2 ) [14,26], zinc oxide (ZnO) [5,6,[27][28][29], copper (II) oxide (CuO) [30], graphene oxide [31,32], zeolite [33], silver (Ag) [34], iron oxide Fe 2 O 3 [35] and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) [36][37][38] have been used as a bulk material to fabricate organic and inorganic composite membranes, which were endowed with more hydrophilic surfaces with nanoparticle incorporation. Alpatova et al [35] fabricated PVDF membranes using MWCNT and Fe 2 O 3 simultaneously.…”