Occurrence, fate and removal of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in water and wastewater treatment plants—A review

Occurrence, seasonal variations and removal of Organic Micropollutants in 76 Wastewater Treatment Plants

“…The results obtained in the present study demonstrated that this is not a relevant mechanism in the case of the investigated OMPs. This finding can be considered also of interest since very few studies have focused in the past on the role of the primary treatment (Couto et al, 2019).…”

“…The difference in the concentration profiles has to be ascribed to the different characteristics of the plants such as the use of the population served by the plant and the lay-outs, as well as to the sampling season during the year and the environmental conditions which can affect stability of the OMPs in the sewage network (Castiglioni et al, 2013;Couto et al, 2019). It is important to notice that, considering the long duration of the monitoring campaign and the wide number of OMPs and of WWTPs, the sampling was conducted randomly during the week and day.…”

“…Since CBZ measurements provided significant F D values, this gives a statistical relevancy to the results. These findings can be ascribed to the characteristics of the compound which is recalcitrant to biological treatment and has a low capacity to be adsorbed on the sewage sludge (Couto et al, 2019;Fernandez-Fontaina et al, 2016). Therefore, it might be accumulated and later released giving rise to higher concentrations in the effluent (Luo et al, 2014).…”

Detection of imidacloprid and Bisphenol-S by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) coupled with UV-VIS spectrometer and LC-MS

“…Emerging micropollutants (EMPs) can be defined as predominantly synthetic and naturally occurred chemicals presented in various water sources, which are deleterious to human health and ecosystem through the food chain. Recently, EPMs have been frequently detected in natural water sources at the global scale, but the monitoring, regulation and efficient remediation of EMPs are insufficient to meet increasing demands derived from both human health and ecological security [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Imidacloprid (IMP) is one of the most common neonicotinoids pesticides, which has been widely detected in wastewater effluent and raw water (rivers & wetlands) at 10 µg/L to 100 µg/L [7][8][9][10][11][12].…”

An innovative sampling approach combined with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of emerging pollutants in drinking water

“…Because their concentration is very low, toxic effects are expected to be mainly chronic, rather than acute; their biological effects on organisms may cause unwanted environmental effects. [5][6][7] Recent research has shown that conventional drinking water treatment processes (e.g., coagulation/sedimentation, sand filtration, and chlorination) do not completely degrade or remove certain types of organic contaminants 2,[8][9][10][11] ; residual concentration of these compounds is found in wastewater effluents at low concentrations (ng L −1 to μg L −1 range). 8 Therefore, very sensitive analytical methods are necessary for their determination in drinking water.…”