Chronic amoxicillin exposure affects Labeo rohita: assessment of hematological, ionic compounds, biochemical, and enzymological activities

Abstract

Labeo rohita were exposed to amoxicillin at a concentration of 1 mg/L (Treatment -I) and 0.5 mg/L (Treatment-II) for a period of 35 days. Numerous alterations were found in amoxicillin treatment groups when compared to the control group. Hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), and erythrocytes (RBCs) levels were significantly ( P < 0.05) decreased. Leukocytes (WBC), mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) levels were significantly ( P < 0.05) increased. In the plasma and gill tissues, ionic compounds (sodium, potassium, and chloride) levels were significantly declined throughout the treatment period. The plasma biochemical profiles were significantly altered: glucose level remained low (except at the end of 7 th day in Treatment -I) till 35 days of the treatment period. Biphasic trend occurred in the protein level, significant increase was observed on 7 th and 28 th day (Treatment -I and -II), and 35 th day (Treatment -I), and in remaining days its level was found to be decreased. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) activity in the plasma was inhibited significantly, whereas in the gill, liver, and kidney tissues the enzyme activity was elevated. Plasma glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) activity was inhibited throughout the study period. GPT activity in the gill was found to be elevated during the treatment period. Liver GPT activity was elevated in all the treatments except 28 th (Treatment-I) and 35 th day (Treatment-I, and II). GPT activity in the kidney was elevated (except 14 th day in Treatment-II). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was inhibited in plasma (except 14 th day in Treatment-II), gill, liver (except 7 th day in Treatment-I), and kidney tissues significantly ( P < 0.05). The present study emphasizes that amoxicillin at 1 and 0.5 mg/L concentrations affects the hematological/biochemical/electrolytes/enzymological parameters of fish and these biomarkers serve as an effective test system for environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment.

Biological Responses of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus as Influenced by Dietary Florfenicol

“…Similarly, FFC reportedly inhibited cell division and proliferation and induced apoptosis in the bone marrow, spleen, and thymus, leading to hemotoxicity and immunotoxicity in mice [ 28 ]. The previous works on antibiotic impairment in fish hematology also documented similar observations [ 8 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 33 , 34 ]. Since TECs have gas exchange functions, their reduction suggested diminished gas exchange and oxygen transport to tissues.…”

“…A reduction in TECs was observed in both groups, similarly to OTC-fed O. niloticus [ 10 ] and Cyprinus carpio [ 12 ], gentamicin-injected O. niloticus [ 33 ], and amoxicillin-exposed L. rohita [ 11 ]. Decreased TECs are often accompanied by a reduction in Hb and Ht [ 12 ], as the antibiotics harm the hematopoietic organs of fish and induce anemia.…”

“…The data concerning hematological responses in fish after antibiotic treatment are ambiguous. The results obtained by various authors probably depend on the antibiotic dosage and the sensitivity of various fish species [ 10 , 11 , 12 ]. Antibiotics are known to distress the morphology of fish blood cells.…”

The effects of extended feeding of florfenicol coated medicated diets on the safety, serum biomarkers and blood cells morphology of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.)

“…Although there was no direct evidence of hematopoietic or lymphopoietic tissue degradation, the sudden increase in lymphocytes hinted at the stress the sh endured. Likewise, Umamaheswari et al (2019) in their studies with amoxicillin on Labeo rohita demonstrated a signi cant increase in lymphocytes. The haematopoietic tissues are normally sensitive to antibiotics.…”

Assessment of haematological, histopathological, and serum biochemical responses in Oreochromis niloticus (L.) upon dietary florfenicol administration

“…The data concerning haematological responses in sh after antibiotic treatment are ambiguous. The results obtained by various authors probably depend on antibiotic dosage and the sensitivity of various sh species (Omoregie and Oyebanji, 2002; Umamaheswari et al, 2019;Kondera et al, 2020). Antibiotics are known to distress the morphology of sh blood cells.…”