Remediation of water pollution caused by pharmaceutical residues based on electrochemical separation and degradation technologies: A review

Sirés, Ignasi; Brillas, Enric

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2011.07.012

Cited by 852 publications

(483 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…[1,2] The presence of pharmaceuticals in the water cycle largely arises from their excretion either as metabolites or in their unmetabolised form. Pharmaceuticals and their active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are generally designed to be both highly active and stable to efficiently execute a specific physiological action in humans and animals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photolysis and TiO2-catalysed degradation of diclofenac in surface and drinking water using circulating batch photoreactors

Kanakaraju¹,

Cherie²,

Motti³

et al. 2014

Environ. Chem.

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Environmental context. Diclofenac, a common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is not completely removed from surface and drinking water by conventional treatment methods. Consequently, this drug is present in the aquatic environment and has been subsequently linked to toxic effects on organisms. We show that photolysis and TiO 2 -catalysed degradation in circulating batch reactors efficiently results in diclofenac removal under a variety of conditions. These photochemical methods thus may lead to more effective water treatment processes.Abstract. The occurrence of diclofenac (DCF) as an emerging pollutant in surface waters and drinking water has been attributed to elevated global consumption and the inability of sewage treatment plants to remove DCF. In this study, DCF spiked drinking water and river water was subjected to photolysis and TiO 2 photocatalytic treatments in a circulating laboratory-scale (immersion-well) and a demonstration-scale loop reactor (Laboclean). The operational parameters for the immersion-well reactor were optimised as follows: TiO 2 P25 loading, 0.1 g L À1 ; natural pH, 6.2; initial concentration, 30 mg L À1 ; water type, distilled water. Complete DCF removal was realised within 15 min under the optimised conditions using the immersion-well reactor. Sunlight-mediated photochemical degradation required a prolonged exposure period of up to 360 min for complete DCF removal. DCF in distilled and drinking water was efficiently degraded in the larger Laboclean reactor. Differences were, however, observed based on their pseudo-first-order rate constants, which implies that the water matrix has an effect on the degradation rate. Six major photoproducts, 2-(8-chloro-9H-carbazol-1-yl)acetic acid, 2-(8-hydroxy-9H-carbazol-1-yl)acetic acid, 2,6-dichloro-N-o-tolylbenzenamine, 2-(phenylamino)benzaldehyde, 1-chloromethyl-9H-carbazole and 1-methyl-9H-carbazole, generated from TiO 2 photocatalysis of DCF were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) and Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS). This work has shown that photocatalytic degradation kinetics of DCF are dependent on both the geometry of the photoreactor and the nature of the water matrices.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photolysis and TiO2-catalysed degradation of diclofenac in surface and drinking water using circulating batch photoreactors

Kanakaraju¹,

Cherie²,

Motti³

et al. 2014

Environ. Chem.

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“…13 Em consequência destas características, o eletrodo de BDD vem sendo amplamente utilizado na determinação de fármacos em diversas matrizes, 14 assim como na degradação eletroquímica de poluentes emergentes. 15 Recentemente, sistemas de análise por injeção em fluxo com detecção amperométrica de múltiplos pulsos (FIA-MPA, do inglês "flow injection analysis with multiple pulse amperometric detection") 16 estão sendo explorados com sucesso em diversas aplicações. A possibilidade de aplicação de até 10 pulsos de potenciais em função do tempo e aquisição de até 10 amperogramas, independentes e simultâ-neos, possibilita a obtenção de vantagens em relação à amperometria convencional, como: (1) aumento na estabilidade de resposta de um eletrodo sólido em função do tempo (uso de pulso de potencial de limpeza); 17 As soluções tampão avaliadas foram preparadas da seguinte forma: (1) Em béqueres separados (contendo cerca de 800 mL de água) foram pesados uma massa correspondente a 0,1 mol de ácido acético, dihidrogênio fosfato de sódio (H 2 PO 4 -) e ácido bórico; (2) Em cada béquer foi colocado um eletrodo de pH, cujo pHmetro foi devidamente calibrado em soluções padrão de pH 7,0 e 4,0, para medidas em meio ácido, e em pH 7,0 e 10,0, para medidas em meio básico; (3) alíquotas de soluções de NaOH 1,0 mol L -1 foram adicionados em cada béquer até o pH estar exatamente em 4,7, 7,0 e 9,2 para as soluções tampão acetato, fosfato e borato, respectivamente; (4) As soluções tampão em cada béquer foram transferidas para um balão volumétrico e diluídas em água até o volume de 1,0 L.…”

Section: A Nimesulida (Ni) N-(4-nitro-2-fenoxifenil)metanossulfona-unclassified

Determinação de nimesulida por análise por injeção em fluxo com detecção amperométrica de múltiplos pulsos

Lima¹,

Chaves²,

Silva³

et al. 2013

Quím. Nova

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Recebido em 25/4/13; aceito em 17/5/13; publicado na web em 1/7/13 DETERMINATION OF NIMESULIDE BY FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS WITH MULTIPLE-PULSE AMPEROMETRIC DETECTION. A simple and fast method for the determination of nimesulide (NI) using flow injection analysis with multiple-pulse amperometric (FIA-MPA) detection at a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode was developed. The method was based mainly on the application of a four-potential waveform, E 1(det) = -0.8 V / 30 ms, E 2(det) = 0.6 V / 30 ms, E 3(det) = -0.4 V / 30 ms and E 4(cleaning) = -0.45 V / 300 ms versus Ag/AgCl (3.0 mol L -1 KCl). NI was detected at three different electrode potentials, at which the nitro group undergoes different redox reactions. The proposed method was selective and sensitive (detection limit of 81.0 nmol L -1 ), and successfully applied for the determination of NI in pharmaceutical formulations, yielding similar results to those obtained by the reference method.Keywords: pulse amperometric detection; nimesulide; boron-doped diamond. INTRODUÇÃOA Nimesulida (NI), N-(4-nitro-2-fenoxifenil)metanossulfonamida, é um anti-inflamatório não-esteroide de alta atividade analgé-sica e antipirética, sendo amplamente prescrita e recomendada por apresentar melhor eficácia sobre os medicamentos similares, como ibuprofeno, diclofenaco e piroxicam.1 Além disso, a NI possui menor acidez (pKa = 6,9) e, consequentemente, melhor tolerabilidade gástrica quando comparada aos fármacos utilizados para a mesma finalidade, como o ácido acetilsalicílico (pKa = 3,4).2 Devido às vantagens apresentadas pela NI, este composto está entre os dez medicamentos mais vendidos no Brasil nos últimos anos.3 Neste contexto, este analito pode também ser classificado como um poluente orgânico emergente em amostras ambientais, como seus similares supracitados.4 Dessa forma, torna-se fundamental o desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos rápidos, simples e de baixo custo que possam ser utilizados no controle de qualidade deste fármaco em formulações farmacêuticas, bem como sua quantificação sensível e seletiva em amostras ambientais.A Farmacopeia Brasileira indica o doseamento da NI por dois métodos: espectrofotometria de absorção no UV-Vis e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), ambos com detecção na região do ultravioleta.5 Os métodos espectrofotométricos acoplados (ou não) aos sistemas cromatográficos fazem parte da maioria dos métodos citados na literatura para a determinação de NI, tanto em formulações farmacêuticas como em amostras biológicas, conforme relatado em revisão publicada recentemente. 6 No entanto, grande parte dessas metodologias são de alto custo, requerem etapas complexas de pré--tratamento das amostras e geram resíduos provenientes da utilização de solventes orgânicos no procedimento analítico.Os métodos eletroanalíticos apresentam características interessantes para serem explorados na determinação de uma diversidade de compostos em formulações farmacêuticas e amostras de composição química mais complexa, como fluidos biológicos e amostras ambientai...

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“…Fig. 1 shows the relative frequency of studies dealing with different types of AOPs addressed in this review to treat priority substances/ group of substances defined in Directive 2013/39/EU, considering only the works published in the last decade (i.e., since 2004) and ex-cluding the works performed with some particular pollutants (PAHs,nonylphenol,octylphenol,diclofenac, that have been reviewed elsewhere Feng et al, 2013;Kanakaraju et al, 2014;Klavarioti et al, 2009;Liu et al, 2009;Luo et al, 2014;Rivera-Utrilla et al, 2013;Rubio-Clemente et al, 2014;Silva et al, 2012;Sires and Brillas, 2012). Therefore, Fig.…”

Section: Advanced Oxidation Processes (Aops): Concept and Fundamentalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The importance of the formation, fate, and effects of transformation products of pharmaceutical compounds by AOPs, such as diclofenac, was also reviewed . Electrochemical AOPs were already applied to treat pharmaceutical residues including 17-beta-estradiol and 17-alphaethinylestradiol in their composition (Sires and Brillas, 2012). Also antiinflammatories such as diclofenac were extensively reviewed in another work (Feng et al, 2013).…”

Section: Pharmaceuticals Proposed For the First Watch List: Diclofenamentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview on the advanced oxidation processes applied for the treatment of water pollutants defined in the recently launched Directive 2013/39/EU

Ribeiro

Nunes

Pereira

et al. 2015

Environment International

791

298

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Environmental pollution is a recognized issue of major concern since a wide range of contaminants has been found in aquatic environment at ng L −1 to μg L −1 levels.In the year 2000, a strategy was defined to identify the priority substances concerning aquatic ecosystems, followed by the definition of environmental quality standards (EQS) in 2008. Recently it was launched the Directive 2013/39/EU that updates the water framework policy highlighting the need to develop new water treatment technologies to deal with such problem. This review summarizes the data published in the last decade regarding the application of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to treat priority compounds and certain other pollutants defined in this Directive, excluding the inorganic species (cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel and their derivatives).The Directive 2013/39/EU includes several pesticides

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Remediation of water pollution caused by pharmaceutical residues based on electrochemical separation and degradation technologies: A review

Cited by 852 publications

References 102 publications

Photolysis and TiO2-catalysed degradation of diclofenac in surface and drinking water using circulating batch photoreactors

Photolysis and TiO2-catalysed degradation of diclofenac in surface and drinking water using circulating batch photoreactors

Determinação de nimesulida por análise por injeção em fluxo com detecção amperométrica de múltiplos pulsos

An overview on the advanced oxidation processes applied for the treatment of water pollutants defined in the recently launched Directive 2013/39/EU

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