Molecular and Functional Networks Linked to Sarcopenia Prevention by Caloric Restriction in Rhesus Monkeys

Rhoads, Timothy W.; Clark, Josef P.; Gustafson, Grace E.; Miller, Karl; Conklin, Matthew W.; DeMuth, Tyler M.; Berres, Mark E.; Eliceiri, Kevin W.; Vaughan, Laura K.; Lary, Christine W.; Beasley, T. Mark; Colman, Ricki J.; Anderson, Rozalyn M.

doi:10.1016/j.cels.2019.12.002

Cited by 32 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…In skeletal muscle, CR delays the onset and slows the progression of sarcopenia (Marzetti et al, 2009). The exact mechanisms as to how CR preserves muscle mass with aging are still unclear; however, the shift from carbohydrate to fat metabolism and increased ketone levels is one mechanism hypothesized to underlie these benefits (Rhoads et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ketogenic diet preserves skeletal muscle with aging in mice

et al. 2021

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The causes of the decline in skeletal muscle mass and function with age, known as sarcopenia, are poorly understood. Nutrition (calorie restriction) interventions impact many cellular processes and increase lifespan and preserve muscle mass and function with age. As we previously observed an increase in life span and muscle function in aging mice on a ketogenic diet (KD), we aimed to investigate the effect of a KD on the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass with age and the potential molecular mechanisms of this action. Twelve‐month‐old mice were assigned to an isocaloric control or KD until 16 or 26 months of age, at which time skeletal muscle was collected for evaluating mass, morphology, and biochemical properties. Skeletal muscle mass was significantly greater at 26 months in the gastrocnemius of mice on the KD. This result in KD mice was associated with a shift in fiber type from type IIb to IIa fibers and a range of molecular parameters including increased markers of NMJ remodeling, mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative metabolism, and antioxidant capacity, while decreasing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, protein synthesis, and proteasome activity. Overall, this study shows the effectiveness of a long‐term KD in mitigating sarcopenia. The diet preferentially preserved oxidative muscle fibers and improved mitochondrial and antioxidant capacity. These adaptations may result in a healthier cellular environment, decreasing oxidative and ER stress resulting in less protein turnover. These shifts allow mice to better maintain muscle mass and function with age.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ketogenic diet preserves skeletal muscle with aging in mice

et al. 2021

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“…Vastus lateralis, one of the muscle groups of the quadriceps in the thigh that is primarily type II fibers, is most vulnerable to shift to oxidative metabolism, fibrosis, and atrophy with advanced age. Meanwhile, the soleus muscle in the calf largely comprises type I fibers, which naturally undergo higher protein turnover [ 15 , 121 , 122 ]. Low appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) in older individuals could be examined as accurate as relative skeletal muscle index (RSMI) obtained by DXA imaging through simple anthropometric measures such as thigh circumference, calf circumference, mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC), and total skeletal muscle mass estimated by Lee's formula (eTSMM) [ 21 , 87 , 110 ].…”

Section: How To Screen For Sarcopeniamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Researchers identified numerous biomarkers for early detection of both sarcopenia and physical frailty as well as for a detailed identification of their main pathophysiological mechanisms, which take place at molecular and cellular bases [ 110 , 122 , 129 ]. For instance, The International Conference on Frailty and Sarcopenia Research (ICFSR) Task Force has recently declared that measuring creatinine excretion via the D3-creatine dilution (D3Cr) method is a more reliable biochemical measure of functional muscle mass than assessment by DXA [ 129 ].…”

Section: How To Screen For Sarcopeniamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If initial screening uncovers muscle weakness and poor muscle function, muscle mass should be estimated in order to confirm the diagnosis [1,14,21,76]. [110,122,129]. For instance, e International Conference on Frailty and Sarcopenia Research (ICFSR) Task Force has recently declared that measuring creatinine excretion via the D3-creatine dilution (D3Cr) method is a more reliable biochemical measure of functional muscle mass than assessment by DXA [129].…”

Section: Measures Of Muscle Functioning/performancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Screening for Sarcopenia (Physical Frailty) in the COVID-19 Era

Ali

2021

International Journal of Endocrinology

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Although the numbers of aged populations have risen considerably in the last few decades, the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has revealed an extensive vulnerability among these populations. Sarcopenia is an age-related disorder that increases hospitalization, dependencies, and mortality in older adults. It starts to develop in midlife or even earlier as a result of unbalanced diet/poor nutrition and low levels of physical activity, in addition to chronic disorders such as obesity and diabetes mellitus. Given that social isolation is adopted as the most protective measure against COVID-19, the level of physical activity and the intake of adequate diet have considerably declined, especially among older adults—denoting an increased possibility for developing sarcopenia. Research also shows a higher vulnerability of sarcopenic people to COVID-19 as well as the development of wasting disorders such as sarcopenia and cachexia in a considerable proportion of symptomatic and recovering COVID-19 patients. Muscular wasting in COVID-19 is associated with poor prognosis. Accordingly, early detection and proper management of sarcopenia and wasting conditions in older adults and COVID-19 patients may minimize morbidity and mortality during the current COVID-19 crisis. This review explored different aspects of screening for sarcopenia, stressing their relevance to the detection of altered muscular structure and performance in patients with COVID-19. Current guidelines recommend prior evaluation of muscle strength by simple measures such as grip strength to identify individuals with proven weakness who then would be screened for muscle mass loss. The latter is best measured by MRI and CT. However, due to the high cost and radiation risk entailed by these techniques, other simpler and cheaper techniques such as DXA and ultrasound are given preference. Muscle loss in COVID-19 patients was measured during the acute phase by CT scanning of the pectoralis muscle simultaneously during a routine check for lung fibrosis, which seems to be an efficient evaluation of sarcopenia among those patients with no additional cost. In recovering patients, muscle strength and physical performance have been evaluated by electromyography and traditional tests such as the six-minute walk test. Effective preventive and therapeutic interventions are necessary in order to prevent muscle loss and associated physical decline in COVID-19 patients.

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“…To produce the most useful data, future studies that investigate whether a simple nutrient supplement contributes to the prevention of sarcopenia will need to use dietary control in a sample of more than 100 elderly participants. Evidence from two in vivo studies showed that calorie restriction or fasting may help to prevent reductions in muscle mass or strength [59,60]. Future human studies need to focus on the effects of the removal of some nutrients from the diet, instead of solely assessing the effects of their addition, in order to obtain more useful data ( Table 2).…”

Section: Nutrient Supplementation For Attenuating Sarcopeniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional Approaches for Attenuating Muscle Atrophy

Shimizu¹,

Sakuma²

2021

Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy

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Muscle atrophy occurs under a number of different conditions, including disuse and aging accompanied by the onset of sarcopenia. Although muscle mass is reduced by decreased protein synthesis and/or increased protein degradation, the mechanisms of disuse muscle atrophy and sarcopenia differ. Therefore, nutrition strategies need to be customized for each type of muscle atrophy. Difficulties are associated with assessing the efficacy of nutrients for preventing sarcopenia due to uncontrolled factors in human studies. We herein (a) summarize nutritional epidemiology evidence related to sarcopenia from recent systematic reviews, (b) review nutrient supplementation for attenuating sarcopenia through dietary control, and (c) provide evidence for the efficacy of nutrient supplementation for treating disuse muscle atrophy under dietary control. Epidemiological studies have indicated that diets with a sufficient intake of beneficial foods are useful for preventing sarcopenia. Supplementation with vitamin D and leucine-enriched whey protein have been suggested to help attenuate sarcopenia in geriatric patients, particularly those who are unable to exercise. Further studies are needed to clarify the effects of protein and amino acid supplementation on muscle mass and strength. High-quality studies with controlled diets and physical activities are required to clarify the effects of nutritional interventions on both types of muscle atrophy.

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Molecular and Functional Networks Linked to Sarcopenia Prevention by Caloric Restriction in Rhesus Monkeys

Cited by 32 publications

References 87 publications

The ketogenic diet preserves skeletal muscle with aging in mice

The ketogenic diet preserves skeletal muscle with aging in mice

Screening for Sarcopenia (Physical Frailty) in the COVID-19 Era

Nutritional Approaches for Attenuating Muscle Atrophy

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