“…Although toxicity of contaminants may depend on their characteristics, such as size, dosage, and exposure time ( Bogireddy et al, 2021b ), their escalating exposure to the human body has impacted the public and individual health adversely. Among the several nanomolecular level toxic contaminants, heavy metal ions, such as Iron (III), Mercury (II), Copper (II), Chromium (VI), Lead (II), Arsenic (III), Cobalt (II), Aluminum (III), Silver (I), Gold (III), and organic pollutants are all considered to be scourge for human health because of their extensive presence in the aqueous form in pharmaceutical, textile, and agricultural wastes ( Bogireddy et al., 2019 ; Bogireddy et al., 2020b ). Several internationally approved standard toxic limits are available from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for the safety evaluation of contaminants ( Bogireddy et al, 2021b ).…”