The COVID-19 second wave: A perspective to be explored

Diaz, Ricardo Sobhie; Vergara, Tânia Regina Constant

doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2020.101537

Cited by 24 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…Many countries, including Brazil, implemented physical distancing, quarantine, lockdowns, and travel restrictions to control the epidemic. In many places, these measures successfully contained the initial wave, however with the flexibilization of restrictions countries experienced a second wave of infections, demonstrating how difficult it is to achieve sustained control of the disease [7]. The diverse clinical presentation of COVID-19, including asymptomatic infection, mild, severe and life-threatening illness [8], combined with the possibility of transmission from asymptomatic individuals, make it difficult for public health strategies currently deployed to be successful at controlling the spread of the virus [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A seroprevalence survey of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among individuals 18 years of age or older living in a vulnerable region of the city of São Paulo, Brazil

et al. 2021

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A second wave of COVID-19 has demonstrated how challenging it will be to achieve sustained control of the disease, even with vaccination underway in many countries. Therefore, it remains relevant to keep improving our understanding of the distribution of COVID-19, especially of asymptomatic individuals, among different populations, and particularly in vulnerable regions. Hence, this population-based serosurvey had the objective of estimating the prevalence of individuals 18 years of age or older infected by SARS-CoV-2, and the proportion of asymptomatic individuals, among a vulnerable population living in an urban setting. This was a cross-sectional single-stage cluster sampling serosurvey conducted between September and December of 2019, in a vulnerable region of the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Families covered by three public primary healthcare units represented the selected clusters. After study inclusion, participants were asked about signs and symptoms related to COVID-19, and had collected 10 mL of blood for serology testing. A total of 272 individuals from 185 families were included in the study, out of the 400 eligible individuals for inclusion, resulting in a non-response rate of 32%. The post stratified prevalence of individuals infected by SARS-CoV-2 was 45.2% (95% CI: 39.4–51.0%), with a proportion of asymptomatic cases of 30.2% (95% CI: 23.3–38.0%). This population-based serosurvey identified a greater prevalence of infected individuals by SARS-CoV-2 compared to data from the beginning of the pandemic, and from a recent citywide serosurvey, with a similar proportion of asymptomatic individuals. It demonstrated the value of primary healthcare services for disease surveillance activities, and the importance of more focused serosurveys, especially in vulnerable locations, and the need to evaluate new surveillance strategies to take into account asymptomatic cases.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A seroprevalence survey of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among individuals 18 years of age or older living in a vulnerable region of the city of São Paulo, Brazil

et al. 2021

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“…However, as expected by many [ 2 , 5 ], the easing of lockdowns and restrictions lead to a progressively and rapidly increase in new COVID-19 cases, causing a second wave of the pandemic with even higher numbers of victims and up to more than 40,000 new cases per day in November 2020 [ 1 ]. The continual increase in daily new COVID-19 cases was also accompanied also by an increase in the number of deaths, suggesting that the new wave did not reflect better diagnostic and therapeutic strategies [ 6 ].…”

Section: Purposementioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing the first and the second waves of COVID-19 in Italy: differences in epidemiological features and CT findings using a semi-quantitative score

et al. 2021

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Purpose CT findings of hospitalized COVID-19 patients were analyzed during both the first and the second waves of the pandemic, in order to detect any significant differences between the two groups. Methods In this observational, retrospective, monocentric study, all hospitalized patients who underwent CT for suspected COVID-19 pneumonia from February 27 to March 27, 2020 (first wave) and from October 26 to November 24, 2020 (second wave) were enrolled. Epidemiological data, radiological pattern according to the RSNA consensus statement and visual score extension using a semi-quantitative score were compared. Results Two hundred and eleven patients (mean age, 64.52 years ± 15.14, 144 males) were evaluated during the first wave while 455 patients (mean age, 68.26 years ± 16.34, 283 males) were studied during the second wave. The same prevalence of patterns was documented in both the first and the second waves (p = 0.916), with non-typical patterns always more frequently observed in elderly patients, especially the “indeterminate” pattern. Compared to those infected during the first wave, the patients of the second wave were older (64.52 vs.68.26, p = 0.005) and presented a slightly higher mean semi-quantitative score (9.0 ± 2.88 vs. 8.4 ± 3.06, p = 0.042). Age and semi-quantitative score showed a positive correlation (r = 0.15, p = 0.001). Conclusions There was no difference regarding CT pattern prevalence between the first and the second waves, confirming both the validity of the RSNA consensus and the most frequent radiological COVID-19 features. Non-typical COVID-19 features were more frequently observed in older patients, thus should not be underestimated in the elderly population.

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“…One of the main features of the second wave of COVID-19 is that the infected population's average age is lower than the first wave of infections. [36] Nevertheless, non-pharmaceutical intervention plays a crucial role in containing novel coronavirus spreading. In the case of Australia, social distancing curbed the rate of infection in the state of Victoria.…”

Section: Challenges For Global North and South Countries Facing The Waves Of Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions Contain the Spreading of Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in the Asia Pacific Countries?

Rahman¹,

Hossain

Mozibullah

et al. 2021

APJHM

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A novel coronavirus, namely SARS-CoV-2, has emerged rapidly and overspread worldwide, causing a pandemic disease, COVID-19. Until now, no pharmaceutical interventions specific to the COVID-19 infection has been proven effective. In these circumstances, non-pharmaceutical interventions, for example, banning local and international flights, national lockdowns of cities, social distancing, self-isolation, home-quarantine, the closure of schools and universities, closure of government and private offices, banning of mass gatherings would play a vital role in minimizing the primary reproduction number (R0) in expected level. Many Asia Pacific countries, Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Nepal, New Zealand, Pakistan, and Vietnam, adopt, practice, and implement those non-pharmaceutical interventions and have success stories. Thereby, non-pharmaceutical interventions can contain the virus's spreading, which further reduces long waiting for the healthcare system's hospitalization and burden.

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The COVID-19 second wave: A perspective to be explored

Cited by 24 publications

References 10 publications

A seroprevalence survey of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among individuals 18 years of age or older living in a vulnerable region of the city of São Paulo, Brazil

A seroprevalence survey of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among individuals 18 years of age or older living in a vulnerable region of the city of São Paulo, Brazil

Comparing the first and the second waves of COVID-19 in Italy: differences in epidemiological features and CT findings using a semi-quantitative score

Can Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions Contain the Spreading of Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in the Asia Pacific Countries?

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