“…Also, non-infective promastigotes can be lysed through the activity of neutrophil extracellular traps although metacyclic promastigotes are resistant to this innate immunity mechanism (Guimaraes-Costa et al, 2009 , 2014 ; Hurrell et al, 2016 ). The release of different intracellular antigenic proteins contained in secreted vesicles (Silverman et al, 2008 ; Cuervo et al, 2009 ; Torrecilhas et al, 2012 ) may be also an alternative form of presentation of those antigens to the host immune system, since Leishmania is able to release microvesicles in the mammalian host (Silverman and Reiner, 2012 ) and their contents have been found to induce humoral responses in murine susceptible hosts (Hernández-Chinea, 2007 ), canine (Lima et al, 2016 ), and human patients (Soares et al, 2015 ) as well as inhibitory signaling for dendritic cells activation (Markikou-Ouni et al, 2015 ; Iborra et al, 2016 ; von Stebut and Tenzer, 2018 ). Interestingly, whereas in patients with the active form of the disease they induce strong humoral responses (Requena et al, 2000a ; Maalej et al, 2003 ; Rafati et al, 2007 ; Costa et al, 2012 ; Souza et al, 2013 ) as well as IL-10 mediated responses (Bottrel et al, 2001 ; de Carvalho et al, 2003 ; Antonelli et al, 2004 ; Carvalho et al, 2005 ) in asymptomatic or in cured patients these proteins usually induce Th1-like responses (Probst et al, 2001 ; Bourreau et al, 2003 ; Baharia et al, 2014 ; Jaiswal et al, 2014 ; Cecilio et al, 2017 ).…”