AIDS-related cerebral toxoplasmosis in São Paulo State, Brazil: marked improvements in the highly active antiretroviral therapy-era but the challenges continue

Human extracellular vesicles and correlation with two clinical forms of toxoplasmosis

“…Reactivation of latent infection in immunodeficiency, such as people living with HIV and without combination antiretroviral therapy, results, in cerebral toxoplasmosis. In rare cases, due to failure of Th1 immune response disseminated toxoplasmosis might occur, which involves at least two organs [5,[11][12][13][14].…”

A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the relative efficacy and safety of treatment regimens for HIV‐associated cerebral toxoplasmosis: is trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole a real option?

“…Currently, potential advantages of TMP‐SMX over P‐S or P‐C include: the convenience of the lower pill burden and dosing frequency and the availability of intravenous formulations; current guidelines suggest an option of parenteral TMP‐SMX usage as initial treatment in severely ill patients ; the availability of several generic TMP‐SMX formulations with the consequent impact on cost‐effectiveness and increased accessibility; prevention of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, other bacterial infections, and malaria ; and the convenience of use simplifying the early initiation of HAART, which is associated with increased survival of HIV‐infected patients with most opportunistic diseases.…”

“…Tel: +5511 38961200; e-mail: josevibe@gmail.com *These authors contributed equally to the study. fatality rates of cerebral toxoplasmosis in HIV-infected patients from both developed and developing countries [1,2]. Treatment of cerebral toxoplasmosis has been relatively successful in comparison to other opportunistic infections; however, cerebral toxoplasmosis still represents a poor prognostic determinant in patients with advanced disease and severe immunodeficiency [1,3,4].…”

Evolution of cytokine profile during the treatment of cerebral toxoplasmosis in HIV-infected patients

“…Cerebral toxoplasmosis is the most common AIDS-related opportunistic infection of the central nervous system, as well as, main cause of focal deficits in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients (Pereira-Chioccola et al, 2009;Vidal and Oliveira, 2013). If untreated, cerebral toxoplasmosis is uniformly fatal and a major cause of death in AIDS patients (Cohen, 1999;Vallat-Decovelaere et al, 2003;Nissapatorn et al, 2004).…”

“…The third group (CHRindividuals with chronic toxoplasmosis) was composed of 13 individuals (44% male) aged between 25 and 59 years old and seronegative for HIV.Patients from the CT group were admitted and treated at the Emilio Ribas Institute of Infectious Diseases, a tertiary teaching hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. The clinical diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis in HIV-infected patients was based on: 1) progressive neurological deficits; 2) contrast-enhancing mass lesion(s) on computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging; and 3) successful clinical and radiological response to antiparasitic treatment within 2 weeks(Portegies et al, 2004;Vidal and Oliveira, 2013). All patients from the CT group received sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine and folinic acid or trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole and corticosteroids(Pereira-Chioccola et al, 2009).Patients from the P/CT group had history of a single episode of cerebral toxoplasmosis and appropriate antiparasitic treatment.…”