“Artificial muscle”: Electromechanical actuators using polyaniline films

Kaneto, Keiichi; Saito, Hidenori; Min, Yonggang; MacDiarmid, Alan G.

doi:10.1016/0379-6779(94)03226-v

Cited by 348 publications

(166 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In this case, the structural changes (phenyl ↔ quinoid) are the cause of strain of the PANI. In the reduced state the polymer is more compact than in the oxidized state, as was demonstrated by Kaneto et al [77] Polythiophene (PT) and its derivatives are not as well studied as PPy and PANI but they are also a subject of research as actuators at the moment. Most actuators based on PTs have been fabricated from monomers synthesized for particular actuation purposes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Also in this year, the leap from the liquid media to air was given: the first actuator based on CP that worked in air was achieved. Kaneto et al reported two types of artificial muscles based on PANI, 'backbone type' and 'shell type' actuators [77]. The backbone type actuator was a triple layer: emeraldine salt/tape/emeraldine salt, operated in HCl.…”

Section: Actuators Working In Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The actuator could be optimized improving the electric contacts and reducing the thickness of the gel layer. [77]. The piece of cellophane tape was used to cover the ES films.…”

Section: Actuators Working In Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3) [77]. The emeraldine salt (ES) film was obtained from 12% (w/v) emeraldine base powder dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and then casted on a glass substrate.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Artificial muscles based on conducting polymers

Cortés

Moreno

2003

E-Polymers

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Natural muscles have mechanical properties that conventional actuators do not possess. These natural machines show large strain, moderate stress, high efficiency and stability, fast response time, high power/weight ratio, long lifetime, etc. In the last years a great interest has arisen to develop materials that mimic natural mechanisms. Conducting polymers have an array of potential applications as artificial muscles since they are capable to produce a moderate displacement when submitted to an electrochemical reaction. This property has been used to fabricate actuator devices that imitate and even improve the performance of natural muscles. For example, conducting polymers show stresses 15 times higher than those generated by mammalian muscles, a high power/weight ratio and a high degree of compliance. However, there are also several responses that need improvement in the actuators based on conducting polymers. Strains are still c. 50% lower than in natural muscles. Most of this kind of actuators only work in liquid media. It is necessary to increase the response time and obtain more durable actuators with longer lifetime and higher stability. In spite of these disadvantages, the first actuators based on conducting polymers are being commercialized. This paper presents a brief summary of some of the actuators based on these polymers, focusing on their design, performance and actuation mechanism.

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mentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Actuators Working In Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The actuator could be optimized improving the electric contacts and reducing the thickness of the gel layer. [77]. The piece of cellophane tape was used to cover the ES films.…”

Section: Actuators Working In Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3) [77]. The emeraldine salt (ES) film was obtained from 12% (w/v) emeraldine base powder dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and then casted on a glass substrate.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Artificial muscles based on conducting polymers

Cortés

Moreno

2003

E-Polymers

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“…This suggests no occurrence of end-to-end aggregation. The conductive polymer had been reported to show the slight expansion and contraction by electrochemical redox process [10]. Therefore, AuNRs may have the possibility to aggregate by moving in the polymer chains of P3HT upon serving the electrochemical potentials.…”

Section: =[342]mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Modulation of the Optical Property of Polythiophene-Gold Nanorod Composite Films

Sugawa

Akiyama

Yamada

2011

Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals

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In order to electrochemically modulate the optical property of transparent films, we have fabricated composite films consisting of gold nanorods having strong absorption bands in near infrared region and polythiophene exhibiting electrochemical activity. On applying electrochemical potentials of 800 and 0 mV repeatedly, the plasmon band showed irreversible but consecutive changes due to the proceeding of aggregation of the nanorods in the film, while the absorption of polythiophene around 540 nm changed reversibly. It was found the composite film could electrochemically modulate the color of the film, by utilizing the aggregation of gold nanorods in the electrochemically reversible polythiophene film.

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Facile synthesis of phenyl-capped oligoanilines using pseudo-high dilution technique

Gao

Zhang

et al. 1999

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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SUMMARY: Monodispersed phenyl-capped trianiline and tetraaniline were successfully synthesized by the reactions of diphenylamine with acetaldehyde-based Schiff's bases of N-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine and 1,4-phenylenediamine, respectively, in the presence of ammonium persulfate and hydrochloric acid, subsequent deprotonation and reduction with phenylhydrazine. The reaction mechanism probably involves the slow hydrolysis of the Schiff's bases and subsequent oxidative coupling reactions of the formed ammonium salts with diphenylamine at pseudo-high dilution condition of the salts.

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“Artificial muscle”: Electromechanical actuators using polyaniline films

Cited by 348 publications

References 5 publications

Artificial muscles based on conducting polymers

Artificial muscles based on conducting polymers

Electrochemical Modulation of the Optical Property of Polythiophene-Gold Nanorod Composite Films

Facile synthesis of phenyl-capped oligoanilines using pseudo-high dilution technique

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