Jaw reflexes elicited by electrical stimulation of the hard palate of the rat

Weijs-Boot, J.; Willigen, J.D. van

doi:10.1016/0003-9969(78)90015-8

Cited by 21 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…1984], Electrophysiological and neuro-anatomical studies have indi cated that the mechanisms controlling oral motor behaviour are organized bilaterally [Sherrington. 1917: Weijs-Boot and van Willigen. 1978: Travers and Norgren.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arrangement and Connections of Mesencephalic Trigeminal Neurons in the Rat

Rokx¹,

Jüch²,

Willigen³

1986

Cells Tissues Organs

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The morphology of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus was examined microscopically in serial frozen sections. The nucleus extends over a length of about 4.5 mm, and its cell number was calculated to range from 1,000 to 1,600. 60% of the cells were located in the caudal third of the nucleus. Clustering of large unipolar cells was seen throughout the nucleus. Small spindle-shaped multipolar cells were found in the pontine part of the nucleus. The efferent connections of the mesencephalic trigeminal neurons were investigated by means of iontophoretically delivered Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin or horseradish peroxidase after electrophysiological identification of mesencephalic trigeminal neurons. All projections were found ipsilateral to the injection site; they were confined to the trigeminal motor nucleus, especially to its lateral part, and to the dorsolateral reticular formation. The latter projection area included the supratrigeminal nucleus, the nucleus of Probst, and the parvocellular reticular zone. There were no direct projections to the facial or hypoglossal motor nuclei. It is concluded that proprioceptive input from one side is mediated polysynaptically to the bilateral oral final common-path neurons, with the exception of the ipsilateral trigeminal motoneurons.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arrangement and Connections of Mesencephalic Trigeminal Neurons in the Rat

Rokx¹,

Jüch²,

Willigen³

1986

Cells Tissues Organs

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“…Body temperature was kept at 37°C. Dur ing the experiments the animals lay supine, their skulls fixed according to IVeijs-Booi and van Willigen [1978] so that the jaw muscles could contract unim peded.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Masseter, Digastric and Omohyoidal Responses from Weak Mechanical Oral Stimuli in the Chewing Rat

Jüch¹,

Willigen²,

Broekhuijsen³

et al. 1984

Brain Behav Evol

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In rats anesthetized with ketamine, effects of jaw jerks (rise time 5 ms, strength 70 mN) applied in the open direction were studied both in the quiescent preparation and during rhythmic jaw-opening and jaw-closing movements (induced by mechanical stimulation of the palate). The left masseter, posterior and anterior digastric and omohyoid muscles were fitted with electrodes for recording electromyographic responses. In the quiescent state a jaw jerk causes responses in all recorded muscles. In the rhythmic preparation masseter responses persisted but digastric and omohyoidal responses were suppressed. This suppression was most prominent when jerks were applied during closing. However, responses in digastrics and omohyoid persisted when masseter nerves and periodontal afferents of the lower incisors were blocked with xylocaine. The suppression of digastric and omohyoidal responses therefore originates – at least partly – from masseter and periodontal afferents. When the periodontal afferents alone were blocked with xylocaine only the response in the opening phase persisted. The suppression of digastric and omohyoidal responses during opening are therefore reflexes from periodontal receptors. These observations support the concept that oral activity is controlled by two relatively independent systems. The first program-oriented system generates the basic movements whereas the second, environment-oriented, system has access to the program for correcting perturbations. There is evidence that muscles poorly supplied with muscle spindles (digastrics and omohyoid) act as pure effectors. Modulation of their activity is prompted by exteroceptors and muscle receptors in the masticatory muscles.

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“…Although numerous investigations have described developmental changes in stretch and/or cutaneous reflex responses elicited with stimulation of the limbs (see Bawa 1981, Issler and Stephens 1983, Rowlandson and Stephens 1985, Myklebust et al 1986, analogous studies of the human oral-motor system are rare. Recent experiments have demonstrated that innocuous mechanical or electrical stimulation of period, intraoral or gingival tissues evokes sizeable, spatially organized, muscle-specific reflex responses with a latency of approximately 15 to 35ms in orofacial musculature of experimental animals (Thexton 1973, Gurza et al 1976, Weijs-Boot and van Willigen 1978, and in human subjects engaged in static, non-speech behaviors (Goldberg 1971, Godaux and Desmedt 1975, McClean and Smith 1982, Clark and Goldberg 1983, Lund et al 1983, Smith and Luschei 1983, Smith et al 1985, Carels and van Steenberghe 1986 5 Smith 1987, Smith et al 1991). These investigators have referred to such 2 9 responses as oral reflexes, as they are not under volitional control and occur at very c short latencies.…”

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Cutaneous Oral‐motor Reflexes of Children With Normal and Disordered Speech

Wood

Smith

1992

Develop Med Child Neuro

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SUMMARY Cutaneous reflex responses in the human jaw‐closing system to low‐threshold, mechanical stimulation were investigated in 30 four‐ to six‐year‐old children with normal speech and in seven children with disordered speech. Responses of these children were smaller and less frequently observed than those of a seven‐ to eight‐year‐old group in an earlier study, suggesting that cutaneous oral‐motor reflexes may develop with the acquisition of speech motor skills. Preliminary observations in a very small sample of speech‐impaired children suggest that future work should explore the hypothesis that development of cutaneous oral reflexes is delayed in this group. The results of this and other studies suggest that human oral‐motor reflexes undergo a pattern of continuous change throughout the lifespan. RÉSUMÉ Réflexes oro‐moteurs cutanés chez les enfants avec langage normal ou altéré Les réponses cutanées réflexes du système de fermeture de la måchoire après une excitation mécanique de seuil bas, ont étéétudiées chez 30 enfants de quatre à six ans au langage normal et sept enfants avec troubles du langage. Les réponses de ces enfants étaient plus faibles et moins fréquentes que celle d'un groupe de sept‐huit ans d'une étude antérieure, suggérent que les réflexes oro‐moteurs peuvent se développer avec l'acquisition de performances motrices de langage. Les observations préliminaires d'un très petit échantillon de patients présentant des troubles du langage suggèrent qu'un travail ultérieur devrait tester l'hypothèse selon laquelle les réflexes oraux cutanés sont retardés dans ce groupe. Les résultats de cette étude et d'autres études suggèrent que les réflexes humains oro‐moteurs sous‐tendent un processus de modifications continues tout au long de la vie. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Cutane oralmotorische Reflexe bei Kindern mit normaler Sprache und mit Sprachstörungen Bei 30 vier‐ bis sechsjährigen Kindern mit normaler Sprache und sieben Kindern mit Sprachstörungen wurden die cutanen Reflexantworten im Kieferbereich auf leichte mechanische Stimulation untersucht. Die Reizantworten dieser Kinder waren schwächer und weniger häufig als die von einer sieben‐ bis achtjährigen Gruppe in einer früheren Studie, was vermuten läft, daß sich cutane oral‐motorische Reflexe mit dem Erleren der Sprachmotorik entwickeln. Vorläufige Beobachtungen bei einer sehr kleinen Gruppe von sprachgestörten Patienten weisen darauf hin, daß weitere Untersuchung erforderlich sind, um die Hypothese zu erhärten, daß die Entwicklung der cutanen oralmotorischen Reflexe in dieser Gruppe verzögert ist. Die Ergebnisse dieser und anderer Studien lassen vermuten, daß die oralmotorischen Reflexe beim Menschen im Verlauf des Lebens einem ständigen Wechsel unterworfen sind. RESUMEN Reflejos cutáneos oral‐motores en niños con lenguaje normal y alterado Se investigaron las respuestas reflejas cutáneas en el sistema de cierré de la mandíbula humana, frente a estímulos mecánicos de bajo umbral en 30 niños de cuatro seis años de edad, con lenguaje normal y en siete niños con ...

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Jaw reflexes elicited by electrical stimulation of the hard palate of the rat

Cited by 21 publications

References 24 publications

Arrangement and Connections of Mesencephalic Trigeminal Neurons in the Rat

Arrangement and Connections of Mesencephalic Trigeminal Neurons in the Rat

Masseter, Digastric and Omohyoidal Responses from Weak Mechanical Oral Stimuli in the Chewing Rat

Cutaneous Oral‐motor Reflexes of Children With Normal and Disordered Speech

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