Superoxide dismutase: A comparison of rate constants

Forman, Henry Jay; Fridovich, Irwin

doi:10.1016/0003-9861(73)90636-x

Cited by 227 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…High-catalytic-activity enzymes rapidly scavenge ROS as they are produced. Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial isoforms of superoxide dismutase (SOD) enhance 10,000-fold the spontaneous dismutation of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide [ 29 ]. Peroxisomal catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidases (GPx) can further degrade hydrogen peroxide to water and molecular oxygen [ 10 ].…”

Section: Biochemical Mechanisms That Preserve Redox Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Diverting Glycolysis to Combat Oxidative Stress

Mullarky

Cantley

2015

Innovative Medicine

122

141

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are an intricate part of normal cellular physiology. In excess, however, ROS can damage all three major classes of macromolecules and compromise cell viability. We briefl y discuss the physiology of ROS but focus on the mechanisms cells use to preserve redox homeostasis upon oxidative stress, with particular emphasis on glycolysis. ROS inhibits multiple glycolytic enzymes, including glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase M2, and phosphofructokinase-1. Consistently, glycolytic inhibition promotes fl ux into the oxidative arm of the pentose phosphate pathway to generate NADPH. NADPH is critically important, as it provides the reducing power that fuels the protein-based antioxidant systems and recycles oxidized glutathione. The unique ability of pyruvate kinase M2 inhibition to promote serine synthesis in the context of oxidative stress is also discussed.

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Section: Biochemical Mechanisms That Preserve Redox Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Diverting Glycolysis to Combat Oxidative Stress

Mullarky

Cantley

2015

Innovative Medicine

122

141

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“…The known function of SOD is to convert toxic superoxide radicals to potentially less toxic hydrogen peroxide and water (9). Lung injury might be well controlled by the administration of exogenous antioxidants and recombinant human SOD (rhSOD) (10,11).…”

Section: Effect Of Aps Modulation On the Level Of Mda And The Activitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Astragalus polysaccharides mediated preventive effects on bronchopulmonary dysplasia in rats

et al. 2014

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Background: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a multifactor chronic lung disease that mainly affects premature infants. In this study, we investigate the preventive effects of Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) on BPD, and explore its potential molecular mechanisms. Methods: Lung tissues of newborn Sprague-Dawley rats from the control group, the room air plus low-dose APS group, the room air plus high-dose APS group, the BPD model group, the low-dose APS group (20 mg/kg d), and the high-dose APS group (40 mg/kg d) were examined at the 4th, 10th, and 14th d of life. The pathomorphological change was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The content levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured by the assay kit. Moreover, the protein and/or mRNA expression levels of NF-κBp65, CD31, ICAM-1, and TNF-α were also detected by corresponding methods. results: APS decreased the inflammatory cells infiltrating compared with the BPD group. For the APS group, the activity of SOD was increased and the content of MDA was reduced compared with the BPD group at any time point. The protein and mRNA expression levels of NF-κBp65, ICAM-1, and TNF-α were all decreased, while the protein expression level of CD31 was increased in the APS-treated group, with the most significant difference of the high-dose group (P < 0.01) compared with the BPD group after birth on the 4th, 10th, and 14th d. conclusion: APS can reduce airway remodeling and alveolar damage by its modulation of inflammatory mediators and antioxidation, suggesting some protective effects on BPD of neonatal rats.B ronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a multifactor chronic lung disease, which is characterized by simplified alveolarization and arrested vascular development of the lung with associated evidence of endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and increased oxidative damage that continues to affect premature infants despite advances in clinical care (1,2).Although the exact etiology and pathophysiology are complex and still remain unclear, recent studies do support the roles for oxidative stress and inflammation-mediated damage, which including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokines contribute to the inflammatory cascade in modulating the immune system of BPD. The proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the serum and tracheal aspirate, were significantly increased. However, the anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10), were significantly decreased in BPD (3). Moreover, TNF-α has overlapping and synergetic activities to induce the production of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) (4). Although steroids could inhibit inflammatory mediators through various mechanisms, the adverse effects on growth and development limit their use (5,6). Therefore, the therapeutic tool of BPD still remains an important unsolved problem.APS is an extract from the Chinese traditional herb Astragalus membranaceus, which has strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ...

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“…Total SOD activity was measured by determining the amount of enzyme required to produce 50% inhibition of the reduction of cyt c by superoxide generated by xanthine oxidase, as described by Forman and Fridovich (1973). GR activity was determined by monitoring the glutathione-dependent oxidation of NADPH, as described by Schaedle (1977).…”

Section: Enzyme Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative effects of the herbicides dicamba, 2,4-D and paraquat on non-green potato tuber calli

Peixoto

Gomes-Laranjo

Vicente

et al. 2008

Journal of Plant Physiology

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SummaryThe effects of the herbicides 1,1 0 -dimethyl-4,4 0 -bipyridylium dichloride (paraquat), 3,6-dichloro-2-metoxybenzoic acid (dicamba) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on cell growth of non-green potato tuber calli are described. We attempted to relate the effects with toxicity, in particular the enzymes committed to the cellular antioxidant system. Cell cultures were exposed to the herbicides for a period of 4 weeks. Cellular integrity on the basis of fluorescein release was strongly affected by 2,4-D, followed by dicamba, and was not affected by paraquat. However, the three herbicides decreased the energy charge, with paraquat and 2,4-D being very efficient. Paraquat induced catalase (CAT) activity at low concentrations (1 mM), whereas at higher concentrations, inhibition was observed. Dicamba and 2,4-D stimulated CAT as a function of concentration. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was strongly stimulated by paraquat, whereas dicamba and 2,4-D were efficient only at higher concentrations. Glutathione reductase (GR) activity was induced by all the herbicides, suggesting that glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes are putatively involved in the detoxification of these herbicides. Paraquat slightly inhibited glutathione S-transferase (GST), whereas 2,4-D and dicamba promoted significant activation. These results indicate that the detoxifying mechanisms for 2,4-D and dicamba may be different from the mechanisms of paraquat detoxification. However, the main cause of cell death induced by paraquat and 2,4-D is putatively related with the cell energy charge decrease.

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Superoxide dismutase: A comparison of rate constants

Cited by 227 publications

References 9 publications

Diverting Glycolysis to Combat Oxidative Stress

Diverting Glycolysis to Combat Oxidative Stress

Astragalus polysaccharides mediated preventive effects on bronchopulmonary dysplasia in rats

Comparative effects of the herbicides dicamba, 2,4-D and paraquat on non-green potato tuber calli

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