Biodegradation of fluoroquinolone antibiotics and the climbazole fungicide by Trichoderma species

Abstract

Filamentous fungi Trichoderma have been able to efficiently degrade fluoroquinolone antibiotics namely ciprofloxacin (CIP) and ofloxacin (OFL) as well as the fungicide climbazole (CLB) that are persistent in conventional activated sludge processes. All targeted compounds were biotransformed by whole cells of Trichoderma spp., exactly T. harzanium and T. asperellum, and biosorption played a limited role in their elimination. However, contrasting results were obtained with the two strains.T. asperellum was more efficient against CIP, with a 81% degradation rate in 13 days of incubation, while T. harzianum was more efficient against CLB, with a 91% degradation rate. While in the case of OFL, both strains showed same efficiency with degradation rate around 40%. Adding a cytochrome P450 enzyme inhibitor hardly resulted in the modification of degradation kinetics supporting the implication of extracellular enzymes in chemical biotransformation. Transformation products were identified by liquid chromatography-high resolution-mass spectrometry and transformation pathways were proposed.Biotransformation of selected compounds included hydroxylation, oxidation/reduction and N-and O-dealkylation reactions, similarly to those reported with white rot fungi. CIP underwent transformations at the piperazinyl ring through oxidation and conjugation reactions, while OFL mainly underwent hydroxylation processes and CLB carbonyl reduction into alcohol.Consequently, Trichoderma spp. likely possess a machinery of unspecific enzymes, which makes their application in removal of pharmaceutical and personal care products attractive.

Biotransformation of the Fluoroquinolone, Levofloxacin, by the White-Rot Fungus Coriolopsis gallica

“…In addition, compared to other fluoroquinolones drugs, ofloxacin degradation products seems to follow a more complex process, with oxidation, hydroxylation, and cleavage of the piperazine ring by Trametes versicolor [89]. In another study using Trichoderma species (T. asperellum and T. harzianum), the major biotransformation product of ofloxacin was OFL2 [C 18 H 20 FN 3 O 5 ] with m/z 378.1465 corresponding to the addition of an oxygen atom to the ofloxacin structure, likely due to a hydroxylation process [90]. In the same study, three other transformation products were also detected at m/z 348.1350 (N-desmethyl-ofloxacin), 318.1612 (decarboxylated ofloxacin), and 364.1573 (dehydrogenated ofloxacin).…”

Accelerated Biodegradation of the Agrochemical Ametoctradin by Soil-Derived Microbial Consortia

“…Furthermore, we examined the impact of ametoctradin treatment on archaea and eukaryotes, since it is well understood that fungi play a noteworthy role in the biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds (Bending et al, 2002;Gupta et al, 2017;Manasfi et al, 2020). Overall, these populations were quite stable, with significant changes only occurring in the oomycetes, which are the target organisms of ametoctradin ( Supplementary Figure S2 and Supplementary Table S2).…”

Recent advances in photocatalytic remediation of emerging organic pollutants using semiconducting metal oxides: an overview

“…Biological approaches include culture therapy, biocatalyst, phytoremediation, and constructing wetlands, among others. Microorganisms like Trametes versicolor and Ganoderma lucidum (Vasiliadou et al 2016), algae such as Chlorella sorokiniana (Escapa et al 2015), Scenedesmus obliquus (Wang et al 2020), and fungal species such as Trichoderma (Manasfi et al 2020) are some of the microorganisms that have a high biodegradable rate when it comes to pharmaceuticals. Biocatalyst has been an emerging biotreatment tool in the field of environmental enzymatic bioremediation (Asif et al 2017).…”