Risk factors associated with occurrence of nematodes in free range pigs in Busia District, Kenya

Kagira, John; Kanyari, Paul Njuki; Githigia, SM; Maingi, N; Ng'ang'a, J.C.; Gachohi, John

doi:10.1007/s11250-011-9951-9

Cited by 30 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…The overall prevalence recorded (13.2%) is lower than the prevalence of parasites in pigs reported in Tanzania (Esrony et al 1997), Zimbabwe (Marufu et al 2008), Burkina Faso (Tamboura et al 2006) and Kenya (Kagira et al 2012). This difference can probably be attributed to differences in management systems, age of pigs studied, agroecology and the season when the studies were performed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…The finding that the majority of pigs (95.7%) were kept on soil floors also suggests that the pigs could have been exposed to a higher risk of infection by parasites than pigs kept on concrete floors (Kagira et al 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The sample size for the study was determined as described by Thrusfield (2005). Accordingly, a 92.7% expected prevalence of nematode infection was used from findings in neighbouring Kenya (Kagira et al 2012) and an acceptable error rate and confidence level were set at 5.0% and 95.0%, respectively, to determine the sample size. Based on this and the pig population of the district, a total of 272 pigs of different ages and both sexes were examined for internal parasites on smallholder pig farms in the study area.…”

Section: Study Design Sampling Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Infection by parasites negatively affects productivity of pigs and leads to poor growth rates, decreased litter size, reduced weight gain, poor feed utilisation and conversion, reduced fertility, condemnation of affected organs, high treatment costs and mortality (Kagira et al 2012). In domestic animals, chronic subclinical parasitic diseases are much more common and are responsible for greater economic losses than acute diseases and many other lethal infectious diseases (Kumsa, Tolera & Nurfeta 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Internal parasites and health management of pigs in Burayu District, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Kumsa¹,

Kifle²

2014

J S Afr Vet Assoc

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The study determined the prevalence and major types of gastrointestinal parasites in pigs and assessed the health management practices on farms in Burayu District in West Shoa Zone of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. The study was performed from November 2007 to April 2008 using standard coprological examination and a well-organised questionnaire survey. Of the 272 pigs examined for the presence of gastrointestinal parasites, 36 (13.2%) were infected with one or more types of parasite. Neither age nor management system proved to be a statistically significant factor in the prevalence of parasites. The highest prevalence of parasites was recorded in December, January and April, whereas the lowest was observed in February. Significant variation in the prevalence of parasites was noticed amongst study months. The majority of farmers did not use acaricides to treat and control external parasites. Anthelmintics were not used by any of the farmers. Some 76.1% of the farmers never used any type of treatment for sick pigs; 21.7% of the farmers used modern treatment and 2.2% of the farmers used traditional medicines. More than 95.0% of pigs were kept on soil floors and only 10.9% of the housing systems had good ventilation. Dung was removed at least every three days, with the majority of farmers (91.2%) removing it every morning. This study provided evidence for the occurrence of internal parasites in pigs kept in Burayu District in Oromia. Further epidemiological studies are needed to determine the zoonotic and economic importance of pig parasites in other parts of Ethiopia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Study Design Sampling Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Internal parasites and health management of pigs in Burayu District, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Kumsa¹,

Kifle²

2014

J S Afr Vet Assoc

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“…Due to the pigs’ behavior of coprophagia, they are likely to ingest helminth eggs if feces are not regularly removed (Boes et al 1997; Boes et al 1998). Confinement or housing has previously been considered as a protective factor in Western Kenya, in a similar production setting (Kagira et al 2012). In our study, it was not significantly associated with a lower prevalence; however, the study in Kenya used egg counts per gram as the outcome variable, while we evaluated presence or absence of helminth eggs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and risk factors for gastrointestinal parasites in small-scale pig enterprises in Central and Eastern Uganda

et al. 2016

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In Eastern Africa, small-scale pig keeping has emerged as a popular activity to generate additional household income. Infections of pigs with gastrointestinal helminths can limit production output, increase production costs, and pose zoonotic risks. A cross-sectional, community-based study in three districts in Eastern and Central Uganda examined the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes and associated risk factors in 932 randomly sampled pigs. Using the combined sedimentation-flotation method, 61.4 % (58.2–64.5 %, 95 % confidence interval [CI]) tested positive for one or more gastrointestinal helminths, namely, strongyles (57.1 %, 95 % CI), Metastrongylus spp. (7.6 %, 95 % CI), Ascaris suum (5.9 %, 95 % CI), Strongyloides ransomi (4.2 %, 95 % CI), and Trichuris suis (3.4 %, 95 % CI). Coccidia oocysts were found in 40.7 % of all pigs sampled (37.5–44.0 %, 95 % CI). Significant differences across the three districts were observed for the presence of A. suum (p < 0.001), Metastrongylus spp. (p = 0.001), S. ransomi (p = 0.002), and coccidia oocysts (p = 0.05). All animals tested negative for Fasciola spp. and Balantidium coli. Thirty-five variables were included in univariable analyses with helminth infection as the outcome of interest. A causal model was generated to identify relationships among the potential predictors, and consequently, seven variables with p ≤ 0.15 were included in a multivariable analysis for helminth infection. The final regression models showed that routine management factors had a greater impact on the prevalence of infection than regular, preventive medical treatment or the level of confinement. Factors that negatively correlated with gastrointestinal infection were the routine removal of manure and litter from pig pens (p ≤ 0.05, odds ratio [OR] = 0.667) and the routine use of disinfectants (p ≤ 0.05, OR = 0.548).Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00436-016-5296-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Gastrointestinal parasites of indigenous pigs (Sus domesticus) in south‐central Nepal

Adhikari

Dhakal

Thapa

et al. 2021

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Background Intestinal parasites have a significant impact on productivity of pigs. Additionally, presence of zoonotic parasites in pig faeces used as fertilizer and ingestion of raw or undercooked pork products originated from parasite‐infested pigs pose a risk to human health. Objectives The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in indigenous pigs (Sus domesticus) maintained under traditional rearing system in Nepal. Methods Fresh faecal samples (n = 100) were collected from the pigs of varying age and sex maintained in 18 small‐scale farms in south‐central Nepal. Samples were processed using various standard methods and examined for parasite eggs, cysts or oocysts. Results Prevalence of GI parasites in indigenous pigs was 91%, comprising of 14 different genera of protozoans and helminths. Male pigs generally had a higher (97.5%) prevalence of GI parasites than females (87%). While 90% of the suckling and weaner piglets were positive for the GI parasites, all growers and 85% the adult pigs were infected with the parasites. Entamoeba spp. were the primary protozoans in all age groups. Strongyloides sp. was more prevalent helminths in suckling and weaner piglets, whereas Ascarid spp. were higher in both growers and adults. Triplet infection was higher (33.3%) in suckling and weaner piglets, while quadruplet and pentuplet infections were higher (p < .05) among growers (46.7%) and adults (30%), respectively. Conclusions The indigenous pigs harbour a higher prevalence and greater diversity of GI parasites. GI parasitism varies by sex and age of the pigs.

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Risk factors associated with occurrence of nematodes in free range pigs in Busia District, Kenya

Cited by 30 publications

References 11 publications

Internal parasites and health management of pigs in Burayu District, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Internal parasites and health management of pigs in Burayu District, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Prevalence and risk factors for gastrointestinal parasites in small-scale pig enterprises in Central and Eastern Uganda

Gastrointestinal parasites of indigenous pigs (Sus domesticus) in south‐central Nepal

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