2009
DOI: 10.1007/s10071-009-0264-6
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Abstract: The ability of animals to delay gratification is crucial for complex goal-directed action. It may help them in making effective decisions when facing a choice. We tested the ability of nine long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) to delay gratification in several experiments. In exchange tasks, subjects had to keep a small piece of cookie before returning it to an experimenter in order to get a larger food amount. Results showed that animals could wait between 10 s and 10 min depending on individual and siz… Show more

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Cited by 64 publications
(69 citation statements)
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“…Monkeys, for example, will wait for a delayed large reward for tens of seconds or minutes (Anderson & Woolverton, 2003;Evans & Beran, 2007;Pelé, Micheletta, Uhlrich, Thierry, & Dufour, 2011). Good self-control is also observed in long-tailed macaques in exchange tasks (i.e., tasks in which they are given a small reward and, if they do not eat it, they can later exchange it for a larger one; Pelé, Dufour, Micheletta, & Thierry, 2010).…”
Section: External Validity Of the Intertemporal Choice Taskmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Monkeys, for example, will wait for a delayed large reward for tens of seconds or minutes (Anderson & Woolverton, 2003;Evans & Beran, 2007;Pelé, Micheletta, Uhlrich, Thierry, & Dufour, 2011). Good self-control is also observed in long-tailed macaques in exchange tasks (i.e., tasks in which they are given a small reward and, if they do not eat it, they can later exchange it for a larger one; Pelé, Dufour, Micheletta, & Thierry, 2010).…”
Section: External Validity Of the Intertemporal Choice Taskmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…While the ITC and ACC tasks have been used most often to investigate self-control in animals, other unique food-based tasks also have been presented, including the spatial discounting task (choosing between a lesser nearby food and a greater but more distant food; e.g., Evans and Westergaard 2006;Stevens et al 2005b) and the exchange task (giving back a smaller or less preferred food item in exchange for a larger or more preferred food item; e.g., Dufour et al 2007Dufour et al , 2012Pelé et al 2010Pelé et al , 2011. Altogether, the results of these tasks show that, like humans, animals undervalue rewards that are available later in time, although several species are able to tolerate delay intervals of multiple seconds or even minutes to obtain greater rewards (e.g., Beran and Evans 2006;Pelé et al 2010).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Much of the early research with pigeons and rats indicated that animals showed little or no self-control, often discounting future rewards even on a scale of a few seconds (see Logue, 1988). However, using new tests such as the accumulation task, as well as tasks that make use of food exchanges to obtain delayed, more valuable rewards (e.g., Beran, Rossettie, & Parrish, 2016;Dufour, Pelé, Sterck, & Thierry, 2007;Dufour, Wascher, Braun, Miller, & Bugnyar, 2012;Pelé, Dufour, Micheletta, & Thierry, 2010), or tasks that require animals to move farther to obtain better rewards (e.g., Stevens, Hallinan, & Hauser, 2005), or tasks that substitute tokens for food rewards (e.g., Jackson & Hackenberg, 1996;Judge & Essler, 2013), indicate that animals sometimes do show self-control and can delay gratification. In addition, varying aspects of experimental design shows that some species that normally are impulsive will make use of opportunities to force themselves to choose the later reward (Ainslie, 1974;Grosch & Neuringer, 1981;Rachlin & Green, 1972).…”
Section: Dealing With Fallibility: Strategic Delay Of Gratificationmentioning
confidence: 99%