Standardized tests of heart rate variability: normal ranges obtained from 309 healthy humans, and effects of age, gender, and heart rate

Agelink, M.W.; Maleßa, R.; Baumann, B.; Majewski, T.; Akila, Frank; Zeit, T.; Ziegler, Dan

doi:10.1007/bf02322053

Cited by 279 publications

(229 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(102 reference statements)

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“…We believe, therefore, that our findings were not confounded by any masking effect of neuropathy on possible changes in autonomic variables and their effect. Moreover, the results of our heart rate variability indices are comparable with previously defined data on normal ranges obtained in healthy humans using similar methods [37]. Our study design also avoided confounding effects when comparing patients with type 2 diabetes with control subjects.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Disparity of autonomic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus

et al. 2004

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Aims/hypothesis: Acute insulinaemia activates the sympathetic drive in a nonuniform manner. The extent and nature of such activation in type 2 diabetic patients who do not have neuropathy have not yet been addressed despite evidence relating sympathetic activation to cardiovascular risk. We planned to determine the magnitude and extent of the sympathetic drive and its reflex responses in patients with type 2 diabetes and fasting hyperinsulinaemia. Methods: We measured resting muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) as the mean frequency of multiunit bursts and single unit muscle sympathetic nerve activity (s-MSNA) in 17 overweight patients with type 2 diabetes and two matched normal control groups comprising 17 overweight and 16 normal-weight subjects. We also tested the MSNA and s-MSNA responses to cold pressor and isometric hand-grip tests, along with the effect of sympatho-vagal balance on heart period variability. Results: Both MSNA and s-MSNA in the group with type 2 diabetes (66±3.5 bursts/100 beats and 78±4.5 impulses/100 beats) were greater (at least p<0.0001) than in the overweight control group (42±2.6 bursts/100 beats and 48±3.4 impulses/100 beats) and normal-weight control group (43±6.2 bursts/100 beats and 51±7.1 impulses/100 beats), though the three groups had similar reflex responses, baroreflex sensitivity and sympathovagal balance controlling the heart period. Conclusions/ interpretation: The patients with type 2 diabetes had no evidence of impaired reflex or autonomic control of heart period variability at a time when there was central sympathetic activation to the periphery. Furthermore, being overweight itself was not associated with sympathetic activation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Disparity of autonomic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus

et al. 2004

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“…As has been reported previously [34,35], resting heart rate differed strongly between genders. Males (n = 124, 70.2 ± 9.4 BPM) exhibited heart rates which were both less in magnitude (t258 = 3.69, p < 0.001) and less variable (Levene's test for equality of variances: F = 4.22, p = 0.04) than those of females (n = 329, 74.0 ± 11.0 BPM).…”

Section: Influence Of Gendersupporting

confidence: 84%

Exercise and lifestyle predictors of resting heart rate in healthy young adults

Nealen

2016

jhse

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Physical exercise is well-understood to provide significant health benefits, through physiological adaptations induced by the repeated exertion stress exercise imposes on our systems. Chief among these are cardiovascular adaptations to exercise, including adjustments of cardiac parameters such as stroke volume, heart rate, and maximal cardiac output. It is commonly assumed that aerobic forms of exercise provide greater cardiovascular benefits than do non-aerobic forms of exercise. To test this assumption, exercise habits and resting heart rate were examined in a large population of healthy young adults. 90% of subjects reported regular physical exercise, with aerobic exercise constituting 64% of all exercise hours. Subjects with a history of smoking exhibited higher resting heart rates than those with no smoking history, an effect which was due primarily to a reduction in exercise hours by smokers than due to a smoking habit itself. While both total exercise amount and aerobic exercise amount were significantly and negatively related to resting heart rate, total exercise amount was a better overall predictor of resting heart rate than was aerobic exercise amount. All forms of exercise were associated with cardiovascular health, with cardiovascular benefits accruing according to the amount of exercise performed, even in optimally healthy young adults.

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“…Given the dearth of longitudinal studies of patterns of HRV changes with aging, it is important that our current study replicated most of the cross‐sectional evidence of HRV declines with aging 10, 12, 13, 14. Our study is unique in demonstrating age‐related HRV changes based on short‐term recordings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Are Changes in Heart Rate Variability in Middle‐Aged and Older People Normative or Caused by Pathological Conditions? Findings From a Large Population‐Based Longitudinal Cohort Study

Jandackova

Scholes

Britton

et al. 2016

JAHA

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BackgroundNo study to date has investigated longitudinal trajectories of cardiac autonomic modulation changes with aging; therefore, we lack evidence showing whether these changes occur naturally or are secondary to disease or medication use. This study tested whether heart rate variability (HRV) trajectories from middle to older age are largely normative or caused by pathological changes with aging in a large prospective cohort. We further assessed whether HRV changes were modified by socioeconomic status, ethnicity, or habitual physical activity.Methods and ResultsThis study involved 3176 men and 1238 women initially aged 44 to 69 years (1997–1999) from the UK Whitehall II population‐based cohort. We evaluated time‐ and frequency‐domain HRV measures of short‐term recordings at 3 time points over a 10‐year period. Random mixed models with time‐varying covariates were applied. Cross‐sectionally, HRV measures were lower for men than for women, for participants with cardiometabolic conditions, and for participants reporting use of medications other than beta blockers. Longitudinally, HRV measures decreased significantly with aging in both sexes, with faster decline in younger age groups. HRV trajectories were not explained by increased prevalence of cardiometabolic problems and/or medication use. In women, cardiometabolic problems were associated with faster decline in the standard deviation of all intervals between R waves with normal‐to‐normal conduction, in low‐frequency HRV, and in low‐frequency HRV in normalized units. Socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and habitual physical activity did not have significant effects on HRV trajectories.ConclusionsOur investigation showed a general pattern and timing of changes in indices of cardiac autonomic modulation from middle to older age. These changes seem likely to reflect the normal aging process rather than being secondary to cardiometabolic problems and medication use.

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Standardized tests of heart rate variability: normal ranges obtained from 309 healthy humans, and effects of age, gender, and heart rate

Cited by 279 publications

References 72 publications

Disparity of autonomic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Disparity of autonomic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Exercise and lifestyle predictors of resting heart rate in healthy young adults

Are Changes in Heart Rate Variability in Middle‐Aged and Older People Normative or Caused by Pathological Conditions? Findings From a Large Population‐Based Longitudinal Cohort Study

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