The biochemistry of orbiviruses

Spence, R. P.; Moore, Norman; Nuttall, Patricia A.

doi:10.1007/bf01309364

Cited by 22 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…African horse sickness virus (AHSV) is a member of the genus Orbivirus in the family Reoviridae and as such is morphologically similar to other orbiviruses such as bluetongue virus (BTV) of ruminants and equine encephalosis virus [117,119,129]. The virion is an unenveloped particle about 70 nm in diameter and is made up of a twolayered icosahedral capsid, which is composed of 32 capsomeres [25].…”

Section: Aetiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

African horse sickness

2004

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-African horse sickness virus (AHSV) causes a non-contagious, infectious insect-borne disease of equids and is endemic in many areas of sub-Saharan Africa and possibly Yemen in the Arabian Peninsula. However, periodically the virus makes excursions beyond its endemic areas and has at times extended as far as India and Pakistan in the east and Spain and Portugal in the west. The vectors are certain species of Culicoides biting midge the most important of which is the AfroAsiatic species C. imicola. This paper describes the effects that AHSV has on its equid hosts, aspects of its epidemiology, and present and future prospects for control. The distribution of AHSV seems to be governed by a number of factors including the efficiency of control measures, the presence or absence of a long term vertebrate reservoir and, most importantly, the prevalence and seasonal incidence of the major vector which is controlled by climate. However, with the advent of climatechange the major vector, C. imicola, has now significantly extended its range northwards to include much of Portugal, Spain, Italy and Greece and has even been recorded from southern Switzerland. Furthermore, in many of these new locations the insect is present and active throughout the entire year. With the related bluetongue virus, which utilises the same vector species of Culicoides this has, since 1998, precipitated the worst outbreaks of bluetongue disease ever recorded with the virus extending further north in Europe than ever before and apparently becoming endemic in that continent. The prospects for similar changes in the epidemiology and distribution of AHSV are discussed.

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Section: Aetiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

African horse sickness

2004

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“…AHSV is a member of the genus Orbivirus in the family Reoviridae [74, 98, 99, 108]. The orbiviruses are predominantly transmitted via the bites of haematophagous arthropods, the main vectors being Culicoides midges, ticks, phlebotomine sandflies and mosquitoes [17, 67], while their vertebrate hosts include bats, equids, primates, ruminants, lagomorphs, and birds [17, 30].…”

Section: The Ahsv Transmission Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive strategies of African horse sickness virus to facilitate vector transmission

et al. 2008

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African horse sickness virus (AHSV) is an orbivirus that is usually transmitted between its equid hosts by adult Culicoides midges. In this article, we review the ways in which AHSV may have adapted to this mode of transmission. The AHSV particle can be modified by the pH or proteolytic enzymes of its immediate environment, altering its ability to infect different cell types. The degree of pathogenesis in the host and vector may also represent adaptations maximising the likelihood of successful vectorial transmission. However, speculation upon several adaptations for vectorial transmission is based upon research on related viruses such as bluetongue virus (BTV), and further direct studies of AHSV are required in order to improve our understanding of this important virus.

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“…Detectable genetic differences occur between the complement of BTV strains of different continents, perhaps reflecting divergent evolution due to geographic isolation (Spence et al, 1984;Gould, 1987). This probably explains why the blocking ability of certain BTV serotypes (3, 5, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18 and 19) was weaker than others when expressed as an endpoint titre (Table 2).…”

Section: Ipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a Monoclonal Antibody Blocking ELISA for the Detection of Group-specific Antibodies to Bluetongue Virus in Experimental and Field Sera

Lunt

White

Blacksell

1988

Journal of General Virology

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SUMMARYIn order to overcome serological cross-reactions among orbivirus serogroups, which can hinder the accurate diagnosis of bluetongue virus (BTV) infection of livestock, a blocking ELISA (B-ELISA) incorporating a monoclonal antibody (20E9B7G2) with specificity for the BTV serogroup was developed. Experimental antisera raised to South African BTV serotypes 1 to 19 were tested in the B-ELISA and all blocked the binding of 20E9B7G2 to BTV antigen. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay was evaluated with a range of experimental and field sera and compared to a sensitive indirect ELISA (I-ELISA) for the detection of BTV-specific antibodies. The specificity of the B-ELISA was absolute for antibodies to BTV, showing no cross-reaction with experimental antisera to serotypes of the closely related orbivirus causing epizootic haemorrhagic disease of deer. The sensitivity of the B-ELISA exceeded that of the I-ELISA. In particular, the B-ELISA detected a BTV-specific antibody response much earlier after infection that the I-ELISA, while still exhibiting full sensitivity to BTV antibody titres several months after infection.

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The biochemistry of orbiviruses

Cited by 22 publications

References 60 publications

African horse sickness

African horse sickness

Adaptive strategies of African horse sickness virus to facilitate vector transmission

Evaluation of a Monoclonal Antibody Blocking ELISA for the Detection of Group-specific Antibodies to Bluetongue Virus in Experimental and Field Sera

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