Vanillin-HCl method for condensed tannins: Effect of organic solvents used for extraction of tannins

Makkar, H.P.S.; Becker, Klaus

doi:10.1007/bf00984996

Cited by 77 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…24 All analyses were performed in triplicate. The freeze-dried hydroalcoholic extracts with better activity were fractionated using organic solvents in increasing order of polarity: Hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol.…”

Section: Chemical Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Potential of Plant Extracts and Chemical Fractions of Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem. & Schult.) T.D. Penn on Oral Microorganisms

Sampaio¹,

Cartaxo-Furtado²,

Medeiros³

et al. 2017

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice

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Aim:The aim of this study is to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and chemical fractions of Sideroxylon obtusifolium T.D. Penn on Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus parasanguinis, and Candida albicans as well as to identify the chemical classes found in the bioactive extracts possessing better activity. Materials and methods:Freeze-dried hydroalcoholic extracts of the bark and leaves (LC and LF respectively) and ethanol extracts of bark and leaves (EC and EF respectively) of S. obtusifolium were assessed for antimicrobial potential by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration, and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). The tests were performed by microdilution method (in triplicate) in three independent experiments. Phytochemical characterization was performed by quantification of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Results:The EC extract presented weak antimicrobial potential on the growth of S. mutans (MIC = 1000 µg/mL); all extracts showed moderate inhibitory activity on the growth of C. albicans (MIC = 500 µg/mL). The dichloromethane and n-butanol fractions of LF extracts showed moderate growth inhibitory activity (MIC = 250 µg/mL) on C. albicans and fungicide potential (MFC/MIC = 2). The phytochemical characterization revealed a Conclusion:The dichloromethane and n-butanol fractions of S. obtusifolium LF extract showed antifungal activity against C. albicans, with the potential for bioprospection of phytocompounds for the treatment of periodontal fungal diseases caused by this microorganism. The effect may be related to phytochemical compounds from the polyphenol and condensed tannin classes.Clinical significance: Research for new oral microbial disease treatment alternatives in bioactive compounds from medicinal plants is of clinical relevance and scientific interest since many therapeutic antifungal agents do not obtain the effectiveness expected due to microbial resistance, or to adverse effects on human tissues.

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Section: Chemical Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Potential of Plant Extracts and Chemical Fractions of Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem. & Schult.) T.D. Penn on Oral Microorganisms

Sampaio¹,

Cartaxo-Furtado²,

Medeiros³

et al. 2017

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice

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“…The content of total flavonoids, expressed in equivalent milligrams of quercetin, was determined according to Meda et al (2005) with absorbance reading at 420 nm. The content of condensed tannins, expressed as milligrams of catechin equivalents, was quantified using the method proposed by Makkar and Becker (1993) with absorbance reading at 500 nm. Finally, the content of saponins in milligrams of diosgenin was determined according to Makkar et al (2007) with absorbance reading at 544 nm.…”

Section: Phytochemical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Antifungal potential ofSideroxylon obtusifoliumandSyzygium cuminiand their mode of action againstCandida albicans

Pereira

Freires

Castilho

et al. 2016

Pharmaceutical Biology

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Context The emergence of resistant pathogens and toxicity of antifungals have encouraged an active search for novel candidates to manage Candida biofilms. Objective In this study, the little known species Sideroxylon obtusifolium T.D. Penn (Sapotacea) and Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae), from the Caatinga biome in Brazil were chemically characterized and explored for their antifungal potential against C. albicans. Materials and methods We determined the effects of hydroalcoholic extracts/fractions upon fungal growth (minimum inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations, MIC/MFC), biofilm morphology (scanning electron microscopy) and viability (confocal laser scanning microscopy), proposed their mode of action (sorbitol and ergosterol assays), and finally investigated their effects against macrophage and keratinocyte cells in a cell-based assay. Data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance with Tukey-Kramer post-test (a ¼ 0.05). Results The n-butanol (Nb) fraction from S. obtusifolium and S. cumini extract (Sc) showed flavonoids (39.11 6 6.62 mg/g) and saponins (820.35 6 225.38 mg/g), respectively, in their chemical composition and demonstrated antifungal activity, with MICs of 62.5 and 125 lg/mL, respectively. Nb and Sc may complex with ergosterol as there was a 4-16-fold increase in MICs in the presence of exogenous ergosterol, leading to disrupted permeability of cell membrane. Deleterious effects were observed on morphology and viability of treated biofilms from concentrations as low as their MICs and higher. Sc was not toxic to macrophages and keratinocytes at these concentrations (p > 0.05), unlike Nb. Conclusions Nb and Sc demonstrated considerable antifungal activity and should be further investigated as potential alternative candidates to treat Candida biofilms. ARTICLE HISTORY

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“…The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was determined through filtered bags, applying method 6 from Ankom Technology (Ankom Tecnology A200 and A200I) (Van Soest et al, 1991), raw protein (RP N ´ 6.25) with an elemental analyzer (C, N), Lecco CN-2000 series 3740 (Lecco, 2013) and condensed tannins (CT), using the colorimetric method of Vanillin-Hydrochloric Acid (Makkar and Becker, 1993) on 20 dominating fodder species, identified as such after calculating the RVI. The results from the CT should be approached carefully, since no liquid nitrogen was used during the sampling nor was it refrigerated later for the preservation of the samples.…”

Section: Chemical-nutritional Composition Of Fodder Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dominancia, composición química-nutritiva de especies forrajeras y fitomasa potencial en una selva secundaria

Galindo

Rebeles

López-Ortíz

et al. 2017

ASYD

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ResumenSe determinó la relación entre abundancia, dominancia y similitud de especies forrajeras con la calidad nutritiva y cantidad de fitomasa potencial para la alimentación de bovinos en sitios con vegetación forestal, arbustiva y herbácea en la época seca y la lluvia. Se encontraron 54 especies forrajeras agrupadas en 21 familias (dominando Fabacea). La abundancia de leñosas forrajeras fue mayor en temporada de lluvias en la comunidad forestal (p<0.0001; 52.8±11.4) y en la de secas en la arbustiva (p=0.002; 14.80±3.09). La similitud entre comunidades varió de 0.27 a 0.54. Las especies forrajeras dominantes de la comunidad forestal en lluvias presentaron altos valores nutricionales, degradabilidad ruminal (65.9-89.0 %) y energía metabolizable (9.35-11.52 MJ/kg MS). El mayor contenido de taninos fue en Bauhinia divaricata (12.75 %). La fitomasa potencial rindió 3272 y 1454 kg MS/ha en lluvias y secas, respectivamente, y fue mayor en herbáceas (P<0.0001; 3977±2299 y 2451±3336, respectivamente). Se encontró una gran diversidad de especies forrajeras, diferentes en cada comunidad vegetal, y que difieren en calidad químico-nutritiva. En su conjunto, la fitomasa potencial de todos los estratos y la variedad de nutrientes que las especies contienen se complementan para alimentar bovinos a lo largo del año.Palabras clave: nutrientes, diversidad, vegetación nativa, bovinos. AbstRActThe relationship between abundance, dominance and similarity of fodder species with the nutritional quality and quantity of potential phytomass for feeding bovines was determined, in sites with forest, shrub and herbaceous vegetation in dry and rain season. Fifty-four (54) fodder species were found grouped into 21 families (with Fabacea dominating). The abundance of woody fodder was higher in the rain season in the forest community (p<0.0001; 52.8±11.4) and in the dry season in the shrub community (p=0.002; 14.80±3.09). The similarity between communities varied from 0.27 to 0.54. The dominating fodder species of the forest community in the rain season presented high nutritional values, ruminal degradability (65.9-89.0 %) and metabolizable energy (9.35-11.52 MJ/kg DM). The highest content of tannins was in Bauhinia divaricata (12.75 %). The potential phytomass yielded 3272 and 1454 kg DM/ha in the rain and dry seasons, respectively, and was higher in herbs (P<0.0001; 3977±2299 and 2451±3336, respectively). A large diversity of fodder species was found, different in each plant community, and which differ in chemical-nutritional quality. As a whole, the potential phytomass of all the strata and the variety of nutrients that the species contain complement each other to feed bovines throughout the year.

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Vanillin-HCl method for condensed tannins: Effect of organic solvents used for extraction of tannins

Cited by 77 publications

References 8 publications

Antimicrobial Potential of Plant Extracts and Chemical Fractions of Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem. & Schult.) T.D. Penn on Oral Microorganisms

Antimicrobial Potential of Plant Extracts and Chemical Fractions of Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem. & Schult.) T.D. Penn on Oral Microorganisms

Antifungal potential ofSideroxylon obtusifoliumandSyzygium cuminiand their mode of action againstCandida albicans

Dominancia, composición química-nutritiva de especies forrajeras y fitomasa potencial en una selva secundaria

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