Strategies to assess oxidative stress

Reznick, Abraham Z.; Packer, Lester; Sen, Chandan K.

doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-8958-2_3

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Decreased G6PDH activity in the liver of fish from endosulfan-exposed groups compared to the unexposed group is an indication that endosulfan had an inhibitory effect on the active site of G6PD enzyme in the liver, a dynamic metabolic organ. This inhibition might reduce production of NADPH (Beutler 1994), compromising antioxidant defense mechanisms (Reznick et al 1998) as NADPH plays an important role in regeneration of reduced glutathione. Decreased G6PDH activity in fish due to sublethal endosulfan exposure (Tripathi and Verma 2004) and sublethal endosulfan and disulfoton exposure (Arnold et al 1995) and in rats in 21 days of exposure to atrazine (Singh et al 2011 and references therein) in addition to other chemicals has been observed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipotropes promote immunobiochemical plasticity and protect fish against low-dose pesticide-induced oxidative stress

Muthappa

Gupta

Yengkokpam

et al. 2014

Cell Stress and Chaperones

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An experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of different lipotropes in modulating immunity and biochemical plasticity under conditions of sublethal low-dose pesticide-induced stress in fish. Labeo rohita fish fingerlings were divided in two sets with one set of fish continuously exposed to low-dose endosulfan (1/10th of 96-h LC 50 ) for 21 days, the other was unexposed, and both sets of fish were fed with practical diets supplemented with either 2 % lecithin, 0.5 % betaine, or 0.1 % choline and compared against unsupplemented diet. Low-dose endosulfan exposure had adverse effects (P<0.05/P<0.01) on hematological profile (erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit), serum protein (total protein, albumin, and globulin) and lipid profile (cholesterol and triglyceride), anti-oxidative status (ascorbic acid content of muscle, liver, brain, and kidney and activity of anti-oxidative enzymes: catalase and superoxide dismutase), neurotransmission (acetylcholinesterase activity in muscle and brain), immunological attributes (WBC count, albumin to globulin ratio, phagocytic activity, and serum cortisol), and metabolic plasticity as revealed from enzyme activities (muscle lactate dehydrogenase, liver and kidney glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase-G6PDH activity). Dietary lipotropes prevented these effects completely or partially and the effects were lipotrope dependent. Kinetics (maximum velocity value V max , catalytic efficiency and Michaelis constant K m ) of G6PDH enzyme from crude extracts of liver and kidney indicated inhibition due to endosulfan but lipotropes could protect enzyme and showed a stabilizing effect. The supplements also helped maintain integrity of histoarchitecture of the hepatocytes in endosulfan-exposed fish to a great extent. Feeding lipotropes to fish reared in endosulfan-free water also improved hematological and serum protein and lipid profiles and were immunostimulatory. In conclusion, dietary lipotropes, especially betaine and lecithin at the levels used, improve erythropoiesis, serum protein and lipid profile, anti-oxidant status, immunocompetence, neurotransmission, and protect the livers of L. rohita fingerlings even when continuously exposed to low-dose endosulfan.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipotropes promote immunobiochemical plasticity and protect fish against low-dose pesticide-induced oxidative stress

Muthappa

Gupta

Yengkokpam

et al. 2014

Cell Stress and Chaperones

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“…Although ROS production is difficult to measure in biological tissues, there are various indirect manifestations of oxidative stress in old age, including lipid peroxidation, DNA oxidation, protein oxidation, and a shift in the redox states of thiol/disulfide redox couples such as glutathione, cysteine, and albumin (22,49,225,343,344,418,463,(537)(538)(539)654). The finding that the skeletal muscle tissue of rhesus macaques shows massive age-related manifestations of oxidative damage (654) is of special significance, because the loss of skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) is one of the hallmarks of age-related wasting and a major cause of psychological stress, financial burden, and loss of social functions in elderly human subjects (72,93,332).…”

Section: Indications For An Age-related Increase In Ros Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Free Radicals in the Physiological Control of Cell Function

Dröge

2002

Physiological Reviews

8,207

5,672

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At high concentrations, free radicals and radical-derived, nonradical reactive species are hazardous for living organisms and damage all major cellular constituents. At moderate concentrations, however, nitric oxide (NO), superoxide anion, and related reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role as regulatory mediators in signaling processes. Many of the ROS-mediated responses actually protect the cells against oxidative stress and reestablish “redox homeostasis.” Higher organisms, however, have evolved the use of NO and ROS also as signaling molecules for other physiological functions. These include regulation of vascular tone, monitoring of oxygen tension in the control of ventilation and erythropoietin production, and signal transduction from membrane receptors in various physiological processes. NO and ROS are typically generated in these cases by tightly regulated enzymes such as NO synthase (NOS) and NAD(P)H oxidase isoforms, respectively. In a given signaling protein, oxidative attack induces either a loss of function, a gain of function, or a switch to a different function. Excessive amounts of ROS may arise either from excessive stimulation of NAD(P)H oxidases or from less well-regulated sources such as the mitochondrial electron-transport chain. In mitochondria, ROS are generated as undesirable side products of the oxidative energy metabolism. An excessive and/or sustained increase in ROS production has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, ischemia/reperfusion injury, obstructive sleep apnea, and other diseases. In addition, free radicals have been implicated in the mechanism of senescence. That the process of aging may result, at least in part, from radical-mediated oxidative damage was proposed more than 40 years ago by Harman ( J Gerontol 11: 298–300, 1956). There is growing evidence that aging involves, in addition, progressive changes in free radical-mediated regulatory processes that result in altered gene expression.

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“…However, if the ROS a�ack is severe, then antioxidant defence systems may be overwhelmed, resulting in inhibition of antioxidant enzymes and oxidative damage to lipid, protein, DNA and other key molecules. Such processes may in turn provoke alterations in molecular and membrane structures and functions leading to cell and tissue damage (Reznick et al, 1998). Increased concentrations of lipid peroxidation end-products and DNA damage have been used as indicators of ROS-derived damage in biological systems (Halliwell and Chirico, 1993 (Porte et al, 1991).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of water reuse system on antioxidant enzymes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss w., 1792)

Özmen¹,

Bayır²,

Cengiz³

et al. 2004

Vet. Med. - Czech

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ABSTRACT:The objective of the present study was to investigate the importance of the antioxidant enzymes; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GP) and catalase (CAT) in defense against toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). For this purpose, comparative studies were performed on the antioxidant enzyme activities in red cells of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) between flow-through and recirculated breeding systems G6PD, GR and SOD activities were found significantly lower in reuse system than flow-through system. But, GP and CAT activities were increased significantly in the erythrocyte of rainbow trout held in reuse water tanks.

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Strategies to assess oxidative stress

Cited by 10 publications

References 47 publications

Lipotropes promote immunobiochemical plasticity and protect fish against low-dose pesticide-induced oxidative stress

Lipotropes promote immunobiochemical plasticity and protect fish against low-dose pesticide-induced oxidative stress

Free Radicals in the Physiological Control of Cell Function

Effects of water reuse system on antioxidant enzymes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss w., 1792)

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