The Innervation of Pial Blood Vessels and their Role in Cerebrovascular Regulation

Macfarlane, Robert; Moskowitz, Mark A.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-2073-5_25

Cited by 6 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…Stimulation of the superior aspect of the tentorium, torcular or straight sinus produces ipsilateral forehead and periorbital pain (Kemp et al, 2012; Mayberg et al, 1984). Similarly, the walls of the sinuses, the posterior third of the falx and the entry points of large veins within sinuses are extremely sensitive and correspond to dural areas having the densest trigeminal innervation (Feindel et al, 1960; Fontaine et al, 2018; Kemp et al, 2012; Macfarlane & Moskowitz, 1995).…”

Section: Trigeminal Nerve—dural and Brain Innervationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the fact that autonomic nerves were first described along intracranial arteries in 1664 by Willis (1664), innervation of the cerebral blood vessels is still poorly understood with regards to both the nociceptive sensitivity and the neurogenic control of the cerebral circulation. Cranial blood vessels are innervated by sympathetic (Edvinsson et al, 1972; Macfarlane & Moskowitz, 1995; Nielsen & Owman, 1967), parasympathetic (Hara & Weir, 1986; Macfarlane & Moskowitz, 1995) and sensory nerves (trigeminal afferent fibres) (Arbab et al, 1986; Macfarlane & Moskowitz, 1995; Mayberg et al, 1984) with a considerable overlap (Macfarlane & Moskowitz, 1995), yet the exact function of each of these nerves in physiological or pathological situations is still up for debate and subject of controversy (Goadsby et al, 1997). Inasmuch as autonomous (sympathetic and parasympathetic), and trigeminal innervations may be of importance for cerebral blood flow control and pain perception, all three will be reviewed below.…”

Section: Trigeminal Nerve—dural and Brain Innervationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Trigeminal Nerve—dural and Brain Innervationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sympathetic innervation of the cerebral blood vessels derives from the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion, with small contributions from the middle cervical sympathetic and stellate (fusion of the lower cervical sympathetic and first thoracic) ganglions (Macfarlane & Moskowitz, 1995). In addition to its trophic effects on blood vessels (Goadsby et al, 1997; Macfarlane & Moskowitz, 1995), the sympathetic system promotes vasoconstriction, thus protecting vessels and the surrounding brain against acute hypertension. In a study of rat cerebral vascular innervation (Arbab et al, 1986), injection of WGA‐HRP into the superior cervical ganglion revealed a strictly ipsilateral dense meshwork of nerve fibres along the internal carotid, middle cerebral and anterior cerebral arteries, and a sparser distribution to the anterior communicating, posterior cerebral and basilar arteries (Arbab et al, 1986).…”

Section: Trigeminal Nerve—dural and Brain Innervationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These various conditions rely upon a complex autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and trigeminal network (Arbab et al, 1986; Hara & Weir, 1986; Macfarlane & Moskowitz, 1995; Mayberg et al, 1984; Nielsen & Owman, 1967), which is only partially understood, despite extensive research spanning over three centuries (Arnold, 1831; Bolay et al, 2002; Fontaine et al, 2018; Joo et al, 2014; Olesen et al, 2009; Penfield & McNaughton, 1940). Current anatomical knowledge about cephalic innervation is mainly based on experimental animals studies (Arbab et al, 1986; Edvinsson, 2011; Liu‐Chen, Mayberg, et al, 1983; Mayberg et al, 1984; Schueler et al, 2014; Strassman et al, 2004), human anatomical studies (Davidson et al, 2012; Lee, Hwang, et al, 2017; Lee, Shin, et al, 2017; Penfield & McNaughton, 1940) and more recently on observations reported on awake patients during surgery (Fontaine et al, 2018; Ray & Wolff, 1940).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The trigeminal system: The meningovascular complex— A review

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Supratentorial sensory perception, including pain, is subserved by the trigeminal nerve, in particular, by the branches of its ophthalmic division, which provide an extensive innervation of the dura mater and of the major brain blood vessels. In addition, contrary to previous assumptions, studies on awake patients during surgery have demonstrated that the mechanical stimulation of the pia mater and small cerebral vessels can also produce pain. The trigeminovascular system, located at the interface between the nervous and vascular systems, is therefore perfectly positioned to detect sensory inputs and influence blood flow regulation. Despite the fact that it remains only partially understood, the trigeminovascular system is most probably involved in several pathologies, including very frequent ones such as migraine, or other severe conditions, such as subarachnoid haemorrhage. The incomplete knowledge about the exact roles of the trigeminal system in headache, blood flow regulation, blood barrier permeability and trigemino‐cardiac reflex warrants for an increased investigation of the anatomy and physiology of the trigeminal system. This translational review aims at presenting comprehensive information about the dural and brain afferents of the trigeminovascular system, in order to improve the understanding of trigeminal cranial sensory perception and to spark a new field of exploration for headache and other brain diseases.

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