The Impact of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in a Veteran Population

Paulus, Eric J.; Argo, Tami R.; Egge, Jason A.

doi:10.1002/jts.21785

Cited by 72 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Measurement error due to under-reporting of risk behaviors could account for these findings, but they also suggest other mechanisms may play a role. For example, prior research found that PTSD increased the likelihood of hypertension among adult war veterans [32–33] and non-veterans who experienced a traumatic event (e.g. 9/11).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of exposure to violence with a weapon during adolescence on adult hypertension

Ford

Browning

2014

Annals of Epidemiology

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Objectives Examine the longitudinal associations between exposure to violence with a weapon during the past year among adolescents and hypertension during adulthood, including the extent to which adult cardiovascular risk factors mediated the association. Methods Secondary analysis of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 1994–2008. The sample included 3555 male and 4416 female adults who were aged 11 to 17 years at wave 1 (1994–1995). Participants were categorized as hypertensive if they had a mean systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or a mean diastolic pressure ≥ 90 mmHg at wave 4 (2008). Witnessed violence with a weapon was defined as having seen a shooting or stabbing during the year prior to wave 1 while victim of violence with a weapon was defined as having been shot, cut or stabbed, or had a gun or knife drawn on them during the year prior to wave 1. Potential mediators of adult cardiovascular risk (wave-4) included body mass index, daily smoking, alcohol abuse, and depression. Results Males who witnessed violence and females who were victims of violence in the year prior to wave 1 had an increased odds of hypertension at wave 4 compared to their unexposed peers (AOR=1.45, 95% CI=1.003, 2.10; AOR=1.72, 95% CI=1.04, 2.84, respectively). The hypothesized adult cardiovascular risk mediators did not significantly attenuate the associations for either the male or female samples. Conclusions Interventions addressing prior violence exposure are needed to promote adult cardiovascular health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of exposure to violence with a weapon during adolescence on adult hypertension

Ford

Browning

2014

Annals of Epidemiology

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“…PTSD, the sentinel trauma-related disorder, has been tied to hypertension across numerous, and largely cross-sectional, studies (e.g., Abouzeid et al ., 2012; Cohen et al ., 2009; Davidson et al ., 1991; Glaesmer et al ., 2011; Kang et al ., 2006; Lauterbach et al ., 2005; O’Toole & Catts, 2008; Paulus et al ., 2013; Pietrzak et al ., 2011; Sareen et al ., 2007; Stein et al ., 2014). Additionally, rates of metabolic syndrome—a constellation of cardiometabolic risk factors that includes hypertension—have been elevated in those with (vs. without) PTSD (e.g., Bartoli et al ., 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, although PTSD is twice as common in women than in men (Kessler et al ., 1995), studies examining PTSD and hypertension in younger and middle-aged civilian women exposed to a range of traumas are generally lacking. Much research has been in predominantly male veteran samples (e.g., Abouzeid et al ., 2012; Kang et al ., 2006; O’Toole & Catts, 2008; Paulus et al ., 2013; Schnurr et al ., 2000; see Cohen et al ., 2009, for an exception). Several studies have also suggested that PTSD is linked to increased hypertension risk in civilians (e.g., Davidson et al ., 1991; Glaesmer et al ., 2011; Lauterbach et al ., 2005; Pietrzak et al ., 2011; Sareen et al ., 2007; Stein et al ., 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and risk of hypertension over 22 years in a large cohort of younger and middle-aged women

et al. 2016

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Background Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been linked to hypertension, but most research on PTSD and hypertension is cross-sectional, and potential mediators have not been clearly identified. Moreover, PTSD is twice as common in women than in men, but understanding of the PTSD-hypertension relation in women is limited. We examined trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms in relation to incident hypertension over 22 years in 47,514 civilian women in the Nurses’ Health Study II. Methods We used proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for new-onset hypertension (N=15,837). Results PTSD symptoms assessed with a screen were modestly associated with incident hypertension in a dose-response fashion after adjusting for potential confounders. Compared to women with no trauma exposure, women with 6–7 PTSD symptoms had the highest risk of developing hypertension (HR=1.20 [95% CI, 1.12–1.30]), followed by women with 4–5 symptoms (HR=1.17 [95% CI, 1.10–1.25]), women with 1–3 symptoms (HR=1.12 [95% CI, 1.06–1.18]), and trauma-exposed women with no symptoms (HR=1.04 [95% CI, 1.00–1.09]). Findings were maintained, although attenuated, adjusting for hypertension-relevant medications, medical risk factors, and health behaviors. Higher body mass index and antidepressant use accounted for 30% and 21% of the PTSD symptom-hypertension association. Conclusions Screening for hypertension and reducing unhealthy lifestyle factors, particularly obesity, in women with PTSD may hold promise for offsetting cardiovascular risk.

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“…They support the idea that PTSD is associated with elevated psychophysiology (Pole, 2007). As mentioned before, hypertension is found in many PTSD patients (Paulus et al, 2013). Other biological factors have been intensely studied in PTSD and have been summarized in two expert's reviews Sherin and Nemeroff, 2011).…”

Section: Biological Factors In Ptsdmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…In addition, there is evidence it may increase the blood pressure and hypertension as a consequence of the arousal symptoms of this disorder (Paulus et al, 2013). Furthermore, evidence has accumulated that childhood and probably adult trauma can increase the risk of cognitive impairment in old age, leaving a higher prevalence of dementia in this group (Burri et al, 2013).…”

Section: Prevalence Comorbidity and Prognosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Kinzie¹

2015

International Encyclopedia of the Social &Amp; Behavioral Sciences

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Since the description of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the second edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-II) in 1980, PTSD has become a well-established and well-researched clinical condition. DSM-5 further refined the criteria but it is not consistent with the proposed 11th version of International Classification of Diseases criteria for PTSD. PTSD is fairly common and its prevalence increases with increase in traumatic events and is associated with alcohol abuse, depression, hypertension, and diabetes. The general theory of symptoms of PTSD is that the uncontrollable state of fear persists even after the threat is gone. Recent biological research indicates that biological factors such as genetics increased activity in the amygdale, reduced cortisol, and hyperactivity of adrenergic response occur in chronic PTSD. Psychological treatment has usually been trauma-focused behavioral therapy, but it is not clear if it is necessary to focus specifically on the trauma rather than supportive therapy of current life stressors. Medicine can reduce major symptoms such as nightmares, irritability, sleep disturbances, and needs to be used with psychotherapy. Future research will provide better understanding and treatments of this often chronic disabling disorder.

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The Impact of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in a Veteran Population

Cited by 72 publications

References 22 publications

Effects of exposure to violence with a weapon during adolescence on adult hypertension

Effects of exposure to violence with a weapon during adolescence on adult hypertension

Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and risk of hypertension over 22 years in a large cohort of younger and middle-aged women

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

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