“…However, Ti-beta alloys, despite being biocompatible, show high density and low resistance to wear and fatigue, whereas the alpha-beta Ti alloys mainly constituted by 6% of alpha and 4% of beta stabilizer, have their main disadvantage in the toxicity of some alloying elements, such as V. In order to inhibit and/or decrease the effect of these elements, heat treatments had been suggested, leaving them farther away from the surface so as not to be in contact with organs and/or tissues; however, few studies have addressed the issue of how microstructural changes in these alloys immersed in biological environments may affect the cell adhesion, proliferation, morphology and osseointegration [ 19 , 20 ]. Specifically, Ti6Al4V can be subjected to heat treatments below and above its transformation temperature ( T TRANSUS = 980 ± 20 °C) [ 8 , 9 , 21 ], and depending on the cooling rate it may provide different microstructures, such as globular, martensitic, bimodal and lamellar types. These microstructures can lead to modifications in the growth of passive oxide, its topography, chemical composition [ 22 ] and physicochemical surface changes, which could modify its electrochemical behavior at material/tissue interface [ 23 , 24 ], as well as cell morphology, adhesion, proliferation and differentiation [ 25 ].…”