“…Consequently, researchers have used various methods to reduce risks, including determining the evolutionary pattern between coronaviruses, developing novel vaccines, identifying the mutational landscape, drug repositioning, and developing novel drugs. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] Using multi-omics data to facilitate the control of COVID-19 primarily relies on understanding the SARS-CoV-2 proteome, which comprises sixteen nonstructural proteins (NSP1-NSP16) and four structural proteins S, E, N, and M. 18 These structural proteins have an array of functions, including attachment to the host receptor, transcription, and replication. 19 When attempting to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the spike protein and proteases are the main targets for the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines.…”