1,2,3‐Triazole Derivatives as an Emerging Scaffold for Antifungal Drug Development against Candida albicans: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Candida infections are most prominent among fungal infections majorly target immunocompromised and hospitalized patients and cause significant morbidity and mortality. Candida albicans is the notorious and most prevalent among all pathogenic Candida strains. Its emerging resistance toward available antifungal agents making it hard to tackle and emerging as global healthcare emergency. Simultaneously, 1,2,3-triazole nucleus is a privileged scaffold that is gaining importance in antifungal drug development due to being a prominent bioactive linker and isostere of triazole based antifungal class core 1,2,4-triazole. Numerous reports have been updated in scientific literature in last few decades related to utilization of 1,2,3-triazole nucleus in antifungal drug development against Candida albicans. Present review will shed light on various preclinical studies focused on development of 1,2,3-triazole derivatives targeting Candida albicans along with brief highlight on clinical trials and newly approved drugs. Structure-activity relationship has been precisely discussed for each architect along with future perspective that will help medicinal chemists in design and development of potent antifungal agents for tackling infections derived from Candida albicans.

A Bibliometric Review on Candida auris of the First Fifteen Years of Research (2009‐2023)

“…Future tendencies in C. auris revolve around the search for new antifungal drugs [ 41 , 42 ] that allow clinicians to increase the effectivity of treatments and reduce adverse effects in patients, while it is still in early developing, new antifungal families such as triterpenoids [ 43 ] and olorofim [ 44 ] strengthen existing antifungals such as azoles and echinocandins, and the research of new delivery methods like nanoparticles will be on the center of fungal research [ 45 , 46 ].…”

Novel Benzotriazole‐β‐lactam Derivatives as Antimalarial Agents: Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Molecular Docking Studies

“…The diversity of biological profiles of triazoles has made them indispensable in medicinal chemistry. They have developed as potential enzyme inhibitors, [28,29] anti-Alzheimer, [30] anticancer, [31,32] antiviral, [33] antifungal, [34] antibacterial, [35] antidiabetic agents, [36] and etc. [37] Several triazole-based hybrids and conjugates have demonstrated potential antimalarial activity.…”

An Efficient Synthesis, Antimicrobial Evaluation and In Silico Studies of 1,2,3‐Triazolyl‐isoxazolyl‐ethanol Derivatives

“…The 1,2,3-triazole is one of the prominent scaffolds used for the development of the active compounds. [24][25][26][27] 1,2,3-Triazole-containing compounds received more attention due to their varied biological activities such as antifungal, [28][29][30][31][32][33][34] antimicrobial, [35,36] antivirals, [37,38] antimalarial, [39,40] anticancer [41][42][43] and anti-inflammatory activities. [44,45] The isoxazole containing natural and synthetic compounds reported for a wide range of biological activities such as antimicrobial, [46,47] antibacterial, [48][49][50] antifungal, [51,52] antitubercular, [16,[53][54][55] antiviral, [56,57] anticancer, [58][59][60] and anti-inflammatory.…”