Αcute effects of essential amino acid gel-based and whey protein supplements on appetite and energy intake in older women

Butterworth, Matthew; Lees, Matthew J.; Harlow, Paul S; Hind, Karen; Duckworth, Lauren; Ispoglou, Theocharis

doi:10.1139/apnm-2018-0650

Cited by 10 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 84 publications

(126 reference statements)

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“…It is recognized that higher daily and per-meal protein intakes are warranted in older adults [ 63 ], but not at the expense of energy intake [ 43 , 44 ]. Despite comparable aminoacidemia to whey with respect to leucine and the BCAAs, our gel formulation is non-satiating and does not compromise subsequent energy intake in older women [ 45 , 46 ]. The provision of large amounts of leucine may increase BCAA oxidation rates, limiting their availability to synthesise new protein; additionally, decreased isoleucine availability may also reduce intracellular leucine transport [ 50 , 64 , 65 , 66 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous work from our laboratory has demonstrated that the same amino acid formulation can enhance functional performance and body composition in older persons in the absence of exercise [ 50 ]. Hence, future work should investigate the more palatable version of our formulation [ 45 , 46 ] using novel, ecologically-valid measures of MPS that account for habitual living conditions outside of the laboratory environment, such as D 2 O tracer techniques [ 21 , 56 , 87 , 88 ]. The impact of the supplements on those of a more advanced age (i.e., Franzon et al [ 89 ]), with lower whole-body strength and activity levels and/or polypharmacy [ 90 ] may be more representative of the older population and provide useful insights.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In EAA and COM, participants consumed two carbohydrate-free and fat-free, EAA-enriched gels (50 mL each; 30 kcals/gel) 60 min following basal measures. These gels were adapted as carbohydrate-free and artificially-sweetened variants of a formulation previously used in our laboratory to investigate appetite responses in older adults [ 45 , 46 ]. The EAA composition of each gel is provided in Table 2 and was derived from earlier work by Ispoglou et al [ 50 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is a challenge, considering that dietary and whey proteins have a well-established, dose-dependent satiating effect [ 41 , 42 ] that poses challenges for individuals with compromised appetite and/or dysregulated appetite hormones [ 43 , 44 ]. Recent work in our laboratory using a novel gel-based, leucine-enriched (40%) EAA formulation found no detrimental effects on subjective appetite responses, plasma peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), or subsequent ad libitum energy intake in older women [ 45 , 46 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Novel Essential Amino Acid Supplements Following Resistance Exercise Induce Aminoacidemia and Enhance Anabolic Signaling Irrespective of Age: A Proof-of-Concept Trial

et al. 2020

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We investigated the effects of ingesting a leucine-enriched essential amino acid (EAA) gel alone or combined with resistance exercise (RE) versus RE alone (control) on plasma aminoacidemia and intramyocellular anabolic signaling in healthy younger (28 ± 4 years) and older (71 ± 3 years) adults. Blood samples were obtained throughout the three trials, while muscle biopsies were collected in the postabsorptive state and 2 h following RE, following the consumption of two 50 mL EAA gels (40% leucine, 15 g total EAA), and following RE with EAA (combination (COM)). Protein content and the phosphorylation status of key anabolic signaling proteins were determined via immunoblotting. Irrespective of age, during EAA and COM peak leucinemia (younger: 454 ± 32 µM and 537 ± 111 µM; older: 417 ± 99 µM and 553 ± 136 µM) occurred ~60–120 min post-ingestion (younger: 66 ± 6 min and 120 ± 60 min; older: 90 ± 13 min and 78 ± 12 min). In the pooled sample, the area under the curve for plasma leucine and the sum of branched-chain amino acids was significantly greater in EAA and COM compared with RE. For intramyocellular signaling, significant main effects were found for condition (mTOR (Ser2481), rpS6 (Ser235/236)) and age (S6K1 (Thr421/Ser424), 4E-BP1 (Thr37/46)) in age group analyses. The phosphorylation of rpS6 was of similar magnitude (~8-fold) in pooled and age group data 2 h following COM. Our findings suggest that a gel-based, leucine-enriched EAA supplement is associated with aminoacidemia and a muscle anabolic signaling response, thus representing an effective means of stimulating muscle protein anabolism in younger and older adults following EAA and COM.

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“…Recent evidence comparing an EAA-matched dose of WP~15 g (7.5 g EAA, 1.9 g leucine) to crystalline EAA (7.5 g, 3.0 g leucine) prior to breakfast in older adults, found that EAA supplementation resulted in greater protein and energy intake compared to WP. In addition, consumption of EAAs did not affect appetite ratings or satiety hormones (i.e., PYY), compared with WP [98]. Furthermore, it is pertinent to note that EAA, when ingested with meals, is known to significantly increase the postprandial MPS response by~30%, but without affecting circulating glucose or insulinemia [99].…”

Section: Essential Amino Acidsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Nutritional Strategies to Offset Disuse-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Anabolic Resistance in Older Adults: From Whole-Foods to Isolated Ingredients

et al. 2020

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Preserving skeletal muscle mass and functional capacity is essential for healthy ageing. Transient periods of disuse and/or inactivity in combination with sub-optimal dietary intake have been shown to accelerate the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength, predisposing to disability and metabolic disease. Mechanisms underlying disuse and/or inactivity-related muscle deterioration in the older adults, whilst multifaceted, ultimately manifest in an imbalance between rates of muscle protein synthesis and breakdown, resulting in net muscle loss. To date, the most potent intervention to mitigate disuse-induced muscle deterioration is mechanical loading in the form of resistance exercise. However, the feasibility of older individuals performing resistance exercise during disuse and inactivity has been questioned, particularly as illness and injury may affect adherence and safety, as well as accessibility to appropriate equipment and physical therapists. Therefore, optimising nutritional intake during disuse events, through the introduction of protein-rich whole-foods, isolated proteins and nutrient compounds with purported pro-anabolic and anti-catabolic properties could offset impairments in muscle protein turnover and, ultimately, the degree of muscle atrophy and recovery upon re-ambulation. The current review therefore aims to provide an overview of nutritional countermeasures to disuse atrophy and anabolic resistance in older individuals.

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Αcute effects of essential amino acid gel-based and whey protein supplements on appetite and energy intake in older women

Cited by 10 publications

References 84 publications

Novel Essential Amino Acid Supplements Following Resistance Exercise Induce Aminoacidemia and Enhance Anabolic Signaling Irrespective of Age: A Proof-of-Concept Trial

Nutritional Strategies to Offset Disuse-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Anabolic Resistance in Older Adults: From Whole-Foods to Isolated Ingredients

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