Biogenic elicitors (chitosan and its complex with salicylic acid) and an immunosuppressor (laminarin) were shown to increase the activity of L -phenylalanine ammonia lyase (EC 4.3.1.5) and protein synthesis in potato tubers. Laminarin did not decrease L -phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity. It is unlikely that the activity of this enzyme serves as a criterion for the induced resistance.
The effects of water-dispersed Ag nanoparticles on the small intestinal mucosa, liver, and spleen of rats were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Acute experiments demonstrated penetration of Ag nanoparticles injected into the isolated intestinal loop into the intestinal mucosa, liver, and splenic tissues. Ultrastructural changes (lobed nucleus, megamitochondria) were found in the studied organs. These data indicated that injection of water-dispersed Ag nanoparticles into the gastrointestinal tract was followed by their penetration through the epithelium of the small intestinal mucosa into other organs, e.g. into the liver and spleen. This fact is essential for evaluation of potential risks of the nanoparticle effects on human health and environment.
Many studies have found that gold nanoparticles with branched surfaces (nanoflowers) are markers for immunosensors that provide higher sensitivity gains than the commonly used spherical gold nanoparticles. Although the analytical characteristics of nanoparticle-using systems vary significantly depending on their size and shape, the question of choosing the best gold nanoflowers remains open. This work presents a comparative study of a panel of 33 preparations of gold nanoflowers formed by varying several parameters: the size of spherical nanoparticles-nuclei, the concentrations of nuclei, and tetrachloroauric acid during growth. The sizes of the resulting particles, their sorption capacity under antibody immobilization, mobility along membranes for lateral flow assays, and the effects of these parameters on the limits of detection of lateral flow immunoassay are characterized. The optimality of preparations obtained by growing a 0.2% v/v solution of nuclei with a diameter of 10 or 20 nm with tetrachloroauric acid at a concentration of 0.12 mM was shown. With their use, lateral flow immune tests were developed to determine markers of acute myocardial infarction—fatty acids binding protein and troponins I and T. The use of gold nanoflowers obtained under the proposed protocols led to significant gains in the limits of detection—3 to 10 times under visual detection and over 100 times under instrumental detection—compared to spherical gold nanoparticles. The significant increase under instrumental detection is due to the label’s low nonspecific binding.
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