In most modern studies, masked arterial hypertension (MAH) is characterized as a poorly diagnosed, latent clinical condition predisposing to subclinical damage to target organs and an increased risk of cardiovascular complications. The prevalence of MAH among the population depends on gender, age, anthropometric and socioeconomic factors, profession, race and other characteristics. The most important risk factors (RF) of MAH and its pathophysiological determinants include genetic polymorphism, subclinical non-specific inflammation, hemostatic disorders, obesity, metabolic syndrome, water-salt imbalance, dyslipidemia, hyperuricemia. A defined value has latent dysfunction of the mechanisms that provide circulatory homeostasis, the detection of which is possible by the hemodynamic response to psycho-emotional, hypoxic, hypocapnic, orthostatic effects. Aggressiveness of RF exposure and the consequences of their implementation are evaluated by the rate of development of cardiovascular events and mortality, which indicate an unfavorable prognosis of “uncontrolled” MAH. The maximum reduction of the RF effects and rational pharmacotherapy can significantly improve its clinical prospects.
Aim. To assess the relationship of cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with various phenotypes of masked hypertension (MH).Material and methods. The study included 207 men with a median age of 34,6 years [32,3; 36,3] being systematically stressed. All examined patients had normal clinical blood pressure (BP), and there was no history of its increase. We conducted 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), carotid duplex scan with determination of the intima- media thickness (IMT). The levels of total cholesterol (TC), low (LDLC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG) were determined. Body mass index, visceral adiposity index, lipid accumulation product index and waist-to-height ratio were calculated. We performed clustering of ABPM data, calculated the odds ratio of association between cardiometabolic risk factors and certain MH phenotypes.Results. MH was diagnosed in 142 (68,6%) patients examined, divided into 3 clusters: systolic-diastolic — SDMH (50,7%), isolated systolic — ISMH (27,5%) and isolated diastolic — IDMH (21,8%). Impaired lipid metabolism, visceral adiposity, IMT increase and atherosclerotic plaques were more often recorded in patients with SDMH and IDMH. The levels of TC, LDL-C and IMT were highest in individuals with IDMH. Odds ratio analysis indicated significant associations of SDMH and IDMH phenotypes with indicators of visceral adiposity, IMT, TG, TC, LDL-C and TG/HDL-Cl.Conclusion. Clustering of ABPM data in individuals with MH and comparing related phenotypes with cardiometabolic risk factors complements their clinical and functional characteristics and can be a useful tool for improving customized prevention and therapy programs.
Цель. Фенотипирование "маскированной" артериальной гипертензии (МАГ) на основе кластеризации результатов суточного мониторирования артериального давления (СМАД) и сопоставление полученных данных с индикаторами поражения органов-мишеней. Материал и методы. Проведен ретроспективный анализ историй болезни 207 мужчин с медианой возраста 34,6 года и нормальным уровнем "офисного" артериального давления (АД), подвергавшихся систематическому воздействию профессиональных стрессоров и находившихся на плановом стационарном обследовании. Всем пациентам проводили СМАД, эхокардиографию, ультразвуковое исследование сонных артерий, определение скорости клубочковой фильтрации. Кластеризацию данных СМАД осуществляли методом самоорганизующихся нейронных сетей Кохонена и К-средних. Обработку данных выполняли на языке R в среде R-studio. Результаты. МАГ была диагностирована у 142 (68,6%) обследованных, разделенных по 4 критериальным факторам СМАД на 3 кластера: систоло-диастолическую (СДМАГ) -50,7%, изолированную систолическую (ИСМАГ) -27,5% и изолированную диастолическую (ИДМАГ) -21,8%. Для большинства (51,4%) лиц с СДМАГ было характерным относительно равномерное распределение эпизодов повышения систолического и диастолического АД в течение суток, а другие варианты их соотношений встречались значительно реже. При ИСМАГ гипертоническая нагрузка превалировала в период бодрствования, а при ИДМАГ -в период сна. Отдельные кластеры существенно отличались по показателям суточного профиля АД и признакам поражения органов-мишеней. Так, различные типы ремоделирования сердца фиксировались у 24 (17%) больных МАГ, 16 (66,7%) из которых относились к фенотипу СДМАГ. Утолщение комплекса интима-медиа >0,9 мм имело место у 40% больных с ИДМАГ, у 30%с СДМАГ, и только у 9% -с ИСМАГ. При этом наибольшее число обследованных с гломерулярной гиперфильтрацией было зарегистрировано при ИСМАГ (20,5%), а с гипофильтрацией -при ИДМАГ (29%) и СДМАГ (23,6%). Заключение. Современные технологии кластеризации повышают эффективность риск-стратификации пациентов с МАГ, способствуют персонификации программ её профилактики и терапии.Ключевые слова: маскированная артериальная гипертензия, кластеризация, органы-мишени. Отношения и деятельность: исследование выполнено при частичной финансовой поддержке РФФИ в рамках научного проекта № 18-29-03131 и 19-29-01077.
Aim To develop models for predicting the risk of target organs damage (TOD) in different phenotypes of “masked” arterial hypertension (MAH) based on methods of machine learning (ML).Material and methods A retrospective cohort analysis was performed for 284 clinical records of patients (261 males, 23 females; median age, 38 years). Group 1 included 125 patients with grade 1-2 arterial hypertension (AH) and low or moderate risk; group 2 included 159 subjects with normal “office” blood pressure (BP) exposed to chronic professional stress. The 24-h BP monitoring (24-h BPM) and ultrasound examination of the heart and carotid arteries were performed; glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated using the СКD-EPI formula. MAH was phenotyped by clustering 24-h BPM data, and the risk of TOD was predicted by analysis of odd ratios (OR) and with the ML methods, random forest (RF) and artificial neural networks (ANN). Data were analyzed using the R language in the RStudio environment.Results According to results of the 24-h BPM and cluster analysis, 121 (76.1 %) subjects of group 2 had MAH. The MAH phenotypes were identified as follows: systolic-diastolic (SDMAH) (43.8 %); isolated systolic (ISMAH) (35.5 %), and isolated diastolic (IDMAH) (20.7%). As compared to stable AH, subjects with different MAH phenotypes showed both increases and decreases in individual 24-h BPM indexes. Thus, in subjects with IDMAH, mean 24-h values of systolic and diastolic BP were significantly lower than with AH while in SDMAH, they were considerably higher. The OR analysis demonstrated that odds of differently located TOD were associated with definite MAH phenotypes. With that, ISMAH was associated with the highest risk of glomerular hyperfiltration; IDMAH was associated with reduced GFR and vascular remodeling; and SDMAH was associated with left ventricular myocardial hypertrophy. The developed models for predicting the risk of TOD based on the RF and ANN methods showed a high accuracy, which was provided by multistep procedures of selecting the predictors and cross-validation.Conclusion Modern ML technologies enhance the risk stratification of patients with different clinical variants of AH.
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