The aphid Myzus persicae is a destructive agricultural pest that displays an exceptional ability to develop resistance to both natural and synthetic insecticides. To investigate the evolution of resistance in this species we generated a chromosome-scale genome assembly and living panel of >110 fully sequenced globally sampled clonal lines. Our analyses reveal a remarkable diversity of resistance mutations segregating in global populations of M. persicae. We show that the emergence and spread of these mechanisms is influenced by host–plant associations, uncovering the widespread co‐option of a host-plant adaptation that also offers resistance against synthetic insecticides. We identify both the repeated evolution of independent resistance mutations at the same locus, and multiple instances of the evolution of novel resistance mechanisms against key insecticides. Our findings provide fundamental insights into the genomic responses of global insect populations to strong selective forces, and hold practical relevance for the control of pests and parasites.

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For the first time, Therioaphis brachytricha, Therioaphis rhiemi, Aphis brohmeri, Aphis coffeata, Aphis korshunovi, Aphis lambersi, Aphis leontodontis, Aphis pilosellae, Aphis rumicivora, Anuraphis catonii, Brachycaudus mordvilkoi, Brachycaudus populi, Aspidaphis adjuvans, Myzus langei, Myzus certus, Acyrthosiphon malvae potha, Acyrthosiphon boreale, Macrosiphum albifrons, Macrosiphoniella dimidiata, Nasonovia pilosellae, Pleotrichophorus deviatus, Titanosiphon artemisiae, Uroleucon hypochoeridis, Uroleucon pilosellae, Uroleucon pseudobscurum, Uroleucon aeneum, and Uroleucon simile are recorded from Byelorussia.

A morphological analysis of extensive material from Belarus (45 localities, 117 samples, 2002Belarus (45 localities, 117 samples, -2010 confirms that Macrosiphum silvaticum Meier, 1985 is a junior synonym of Macrosiphum knautiae Holman, 1972. Two species of the genus Macrosiphum were found on Knautia arvensis in Belarus in 2002-2010: M. rosae (Linnaeus, 1758), and M. knautiae Holman, 1972, the latter species being predominant. In addition to common key characters, a canonical discrimination function (Rakauskas 2003) is necessary to ensure exact morphological discrimination between the two species. 2002-2010 m. Baltarusijoje keturiasdešimt penkiose vietovėse surinktų 117 amarų mėginių morfologinė analizė patvirtino, jog amarų rūšies pavadinimas Macrosiphum silvaticum Meier, 1985 yra jaunesnysis pavadinimo Macrosiphum knautiae Holman, 1972 sinonimas. Tyrimų metu Baltarusijoje ant Knautia arvensis aptiktos dvi Macrosiphum genties amarų rūšys: M. rosae (Linnaeus, 1758) ir M. knautiae Holman, 1972, pastaroji rūšis randama dažniausiai. Norint atskirti šias dvi rūšis, be įprastinių apibūdinimo raktuose taikomų morfologinių požymių reikia naudoti dar ir kanoninę atskyrimo funkciją (Rakauskas 2003).