Additive technologies are now widely used in various fields of clinical medicine. In particular, 3D printing is widely used in neurosurgery, vertebrology and traumatology-orthopedics. The article describes in detail the basic principles of medical 3D printing. The modern classification of 3D printers is presented based on the following principles of printing: FDM, SLA, SLS and others. The main advantages and disadvantages of the above-mentioned 3D printers and the areas of clinical medicine in which they are used are described. Further in the review, the authors discuss the experience with 3D printing applications, based on the data of the modern scientific literature. A special attention is paid to the use of 3D printing in the manufacture of individual implants for cranioplasty. 3D printing technologies in reconstructive neurosurgery make it possible to create high-precision implants, reduce the time of surgical intervention and improve the aesthetic effect of the operation. The article also presents the data of the modern literature on the use of 3D printing in vertebrology, where a special role is given to the use of guides for the installation of transpedicular screws and the use of individual lordosing cages. The use of individual guides, especially for severe spinal deformities, reduces the risk of metal structure malposition and the duration of surgical intervention. This technique is also widely used in traumatology and orthopedics, where individual implants made of titanium, a bone-substituting material, are created using 3D printing, thanks to which it is possible to replace bone defects of any shape, complexity and size and create hybrid exoprostheses. The role of 3D modeling and 3D printing in the training of medical personnel at the present stage is described. In conclusion, the authors present their experience of using 3D modeling and 3D printing in reconstructive neurosurgery and vertebrology.
Vascular spasm in patients with hemorrhage from rupture of cerebral aneurysms is the main cause of adverse outcomes of the disease. One way to treat persistent contraction of cerebral arteries is to use nimodipine and magnesium sulfate. This literature review presents studies on the use of nimodipine and magnesium sulfate in the treatment of vascular spasm, and highlights the main links of pathogenesis and drug action mechanisms.
The overall incidence of symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis is about 1015% among persons aged 5070 years. Due to the aging of the population, the incidence of this pathology is constantly growing. The desire of older patients to preserve their quality of life and their functional abilities, along with the improvement of surgical techniques, leads to an increase in the number of surgical interventions for lumbar stenosis. This publication describes the classification of spinal canal stenosis. The clinical picture of this disease has been studied in detail. A special attention is paid to such diagnostic methods as computed tomography (CT), radiography, CT-myelography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Various methods of surgical treatment decompression and decompression-stabilization are described in detail.. The efficiency of various types of decompression operations are 7280%, the results of surgery not differing statistically between the types of decompression (hemilaminectomy, interlaminectomy). Decompression-stabilization operations are used for progressive degenerative spinal deformity, destabilization after the surgical treatment, and disruption of the vertebral-pelvic relations. Currently, the following types of stabilization are used in the lumbar stenosis surgery: ALIF, PLIF, PLF, TLIF, XLIF, OLIF, and transpedicular fixation. The rate of complications in the stabilizing interventions is 27.6%; after decompression operations 9.7%. The frequency of revision operations is also higher after stabilization 10.3%, while after decompression it is 6.5%, which makes us cautious about these types of interventions. Systems of interosseous fixation are also used in the treatment of lumbar stenosis. In the 14 years of followup after interosseous fixation and decompression in 142 patients, 30 (21.1%) patients underwent revision interventions, with chronic pain (38.5%) and disc herniation (42.3%) being the main indication for repeated surgery in 26 of them.
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