Introduction. A systematic review and analysis of literature on genotoxic examinations of individuals occupationally exposed to formaldehyde vapors (FAV) when working in pathomorphological laboratories of medical institutions has been performed. Formaldehyde is classified by the WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer as a class I carcinogen. Many studies have been published concerning testification of the genotoxic damage of pathomorphological laboratory personnel working with formaldehyde, identification using various biomonitoring cytogenetic methods, in particular, the micronucleus test in peripheral blood lymphocytes and buccal epithelial cells, a chromosomal aberrations test, and the DNA comet assay.Material and methods. Literature was searched until December 2019 using the MedLine / PubMed database of scientific literature (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed). Key search terms included formaldehyde laboratory micronuclei, formaldehyde laboratory chromosomal aberration, or formaldehyde laboratory DNA comet. Full-text articles published in English in journals with assigned DOIs were considered.Results. All studies reported the presence of FAV in the workplace, while in only half of the cases the level of formaldehyde was not higher than the maximum permissible values. The average exposure to formaldehyde over an 8-hour working day was 0.79 ± 0.43 mg/m3. All studies reported the presence of an increased level of the studied cytogenetic biomarkers compared to controls. A total analysis of the data showed more than a 2.5-fold excess in the level of micronuclei in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of laboratory workers compared with the control groups (8.15 ± 2.57 ‰ vs. 3.56 ± 1.15 ‰; p < 0.05), and more than a 5-fold excess in case of the level of micronuclei in buccal epithelial cells (0.83 ± 0.09 ‰ vs. 0.16 ± 0.01 ‰; p < 0.05).Conclusion. Thus, pathomorphological laboratory personnel exposed to FAV is at potential risk to life and health from the long-term impact of genotoxic eff
This paper considers studies aimed at identifying markers of genotoxicity (chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei, and DNA damage assessed by the DNA comet assay) in patients with both gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and diabetes type 1 and 2 (T1DM and T2DM, respectively), as well as possible changes in the levels of these genotoxic markers under the influence of medicines and nutritions. Patients with T2DM are characterized by an increased level of genotoxicity markers. The results of genotoxicity markers in patients with T1DM and GDM studies are contradictory, however, they indicate the presence of an increased genotoxic load rather than its absence. The levels of genotoxic damage in diabetic patients may be reduced by physical exercises, diet, and/or hypoglycemic drugs. Metformin, Afobazole and Noopept are recommended for experimental and clinical studies as possible drug candidates that reduce the levels of genotoxic biomarkers in diabetic patients.
According to the literature genotoxic properties of about a half of hypoglycemic drugs have not been investigated in accordance with the recommended methodology, and studies of the mutagen-modifying activity of antidiabetic drugs are sporadic. Based on the available published data, it is impossible to conclude about either presence or absence of genotoxic / antigenotoxic potential of antidiabetic drugs. There is evidence of the antimutagenic activity of metformin; in relation to other drugs, studies of mutagen-modifying activity have not been carried out or are represented only by a few articles. Further study of the genotoxic properties of hypoglycemic drugs is required in accordance with modern approaches and requirements, as well as an assessment of their mutagen-modifying activity.
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