The discrepancy between the plow width and the tractor width leads to the asymmetry of plowing units. The geometry of the plowshare surface of the moldboard plow contributes to the generation of lateral forces on the working tool. All this leads to the imbalance of the tool and the deviation of the tractor from straight-line movement during plowing. To maintain straight-line movement, the driver has to adjust the machine every 5-10 meters, which is highly tiresome. To study the causes of lateral slips of the plowing unit, we constructed a mathematical model, which consists of the equations of controlled movement and equations of the tractor's uncontrolled shear under the action of external forces from the plow. The description of the force interaction of the drive with the ground is based on the mathematical theory of friction, taking into account anisotropy and elastic properties in contact. Based on the passive shear model, we constructed a hodograph diagram of the maximum tractor shear force from the side of the working tool. We found that the shear force reaches its maximum friction value only in the case of a translational shear, when its line of action passes through the tractor's center of gravity. In all other cases, the shift (slip) of the tractor is caused by a lower force. We formulated the features and assumptions of the model as applied to caterpillar and wheeled tractors. As a result, we found that, regardless of the direction of the lateral displacement of the plow's traction resistance, the tractor is slipped towards the plowed field. The result of the numerical experiment showed that the main reason for the slip of the wheeled plowing unit is the difference in soils along the sides of the tractor but not the deviation of the plow traction resistance.
The article reveals conceptual principles of creating technology for designing transport and logistics schemes for harvesting, reloading and transportation of grain crops with their flexible adaptation to specific agronomic, technical, natural production, economic and numerous conditions during their harvest. The authors presented the results of system-analytical studies of problem, which formed practical consulting document, which allows the offender in specific conditions to determine choice of optimal transport and logistics schemes for harvesting and transporting crops to granaries. The concept of developing such a document for synthesis of logistics technologies for harvesting and transporting grain involves three stages. The authors described the technology to achieve the result, which does not require without great need to conduct complex, long-term and costly field experiments. In addition, the article made it clear that this approach should be used to solve complex problems, to implement intelligent projects of high complexity. The problem posed in article undoubtedly belongs to this class of problems. The main emphasis is placed on conceptual nature of work and at least the results of first stage of inductive technologies of system information-analytical research are given. The authors, based on complexity and significant lack of initial information base, planned to implement the project on inductive technology.
Introduction. Recently the issue of decentralised (autonomous) power supply of certain rural consumers has been increasingly considered. Various small power generators using local and renewable energy sources can be applied for this purpose. So a consumer must choose the best-suited energy-generating source. Materials and Methods.The findings of energy audits, which were conducted by the Institute from 2003 to the present day, were used to evaluate energy consumers and determine operation modes of equipment and load schedules. Complex index of the negative impact of heat and electricity generation on the environment was determined using the Spesivtsev ‒ Drozdov method of logical-linguistic modelling based on expert assessments. Results. Energy sources can be divided into traditional (diesel generators and gas generator plants) or renewable ones (wind turbines, solar collectors, mini hydro systems). Energy source is chosen either with the help of the economic criterion, being the cost of one k·Wh of energy or the criterion of environmental compatibility, or total specific emission of pollutants from energy generation at local generating sources (g/k·Wh). Here, not only the quantity of emissions, but also the harmful effect on the environment is considered. Discussion and Conclusion. For the choice of energy supply sources, the coefficient of energy-ecological compatibility is proposed, being the product of the cost of one k·Wh of energy generated and specific emission of pollutants. The optimal value of this factor is the smallest, which accounts for both economic and environmental feasibility of energy generating sources.
The most promising and demanded development lines of the present-day production are its intellectualization and robotic automation. The processing of organic agricultural waste traditionally features the least application of robots. One of the most advanced technologies for solid organic waste treatment is its aerobic solid-state fermentation. The intellectualized control system of a fermenter contributes to the final product quality enhancement: the self-heating rate of the fermented material is 44% higher and the temperature dispersion at the measurement points is 87% lower. The resulting reduction in energy consumption improves the profitability of this processing technology by 10% or more. Higher efficiency may be achieved by further refinement of the intellectualized control system of a fermenter.
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