Abstract"djuvants are any substance either added in a herbicide formulation or added to the spray tank that modifies herbicidal activity or application characteristics, such as better mixing and handling, increasing droplet coverage, spray retention and droplet drying, increasing herbicide cuticle penetration and cellular accumulation reducing leaching of herbicide through the soil profile, etc. The interactions between herbicide adjuvants and herbicide activity, however, are not simple processes, and depend on factors that include crop/weed leaf surface, droplet characteristics, adjuvant type, chemical form of the herbicide, and environmental conditions. Understanding the complexity of these interactions is essential for optimum herbicide utilization, particularly in prolonging, enhancing and improving the efficacy reduction of the critical rain-free period minimizing herbicide leaching into groundwater and decreasing harmful effects to non-target plants and animals.
Bioherbicides are biologically based control agents useful for biological weed control. Hence, bioherbicides have been identified as a significant biological control strategy. Bioherbicides have many advantages such as clearly defined for target weeds, no side effect on beneficial plants or human health, a lack of pesticide residue build-up in the environment, and effectiveness for control of some herbicideresistant weed biotypes. More importantly, it has been demonstrated that mixtures of some bioherbicides and synthetic herbicides can be more effective. Apart from many bioherbicide benefits, some factors have been noted to restrict the development of bioherbicides into profitable products. They involved environmental, biological and technical-commercial restrictions.
Pacanoski Z., Glatkova G. The objective of the study was to establish an appropriate weed management strategy for the effective control of weed flora in direct wet-seeded rice. Herbicide selectivity and influence on grain yield were also evaluated. The weed population in the trials was composed of 8 and 5 weed species in Kočani and Probištip locality, respectively. The most prevailing weeds in both localities were: Cyperus rotundus, Echinochloa crus-galli and Heteranthea limosa. The average weediness for both years was 456.8 weed stems per m 2 in Kočani locality and 589.0 weed stems per m 2 in Probištip locality. In both localities all herbicides controlled Cyperus rotundus, Echinochloa crus-galli and Heteranthera limosa excellently except Mefenacet 53 WP. All applied herbicides showed high selectivity to rice, no visual injuries were determined at any rates in any year and locality. Herbicidal treatments in both localities significantly increased rice grain yield in comparison with untreated control.
A population of Impatiens glandulifera Royle, an invasive plant species native to the Western Himalayas, was recorded in 2013 near the village Gorno Sedlarce in the north‐western mountainous region of the Republic of Macedonia. I. glandulifera is a new alien species to the Macedonian flora. The surveys revealed an intensive growth and a low to medium density population of I. glandulifera. The population's density was not quantified, but several stands of different sizes were found. A rapid ecological risk assessment, mainly based on knowledge about invasion histories in North–Western and Central European countries, showed that this species, which is on the EPPO List of Invasive Alien Plants, is a serious threat to Macedonian biodiversity. Biological invasions of I. glandulifera affect biodiversity worldwide, and, consequently, the invaded ecosystems may experience significant losses in economic and cultural values. There is a clear need to develop a strategy for control of I. glandulifera to protect biodiversity, as a whole.
Detailed surveys of populations of Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers., an invasive plant species native to Eastern North America, were made in three locations in north‐western, northern and eastern parts of the Republic of Macedonia. The population densities were not quantified, but several stands of different sizes were found. A rapid ecological risk assessment, mainly based on knowledge of invasion histories in South‐Eastern and Central European countries, showed that this species is a serious threat to Macedonian biodiversity, particularly in the north‐western part, where monospecific stands of E. annuus were recorded. Biological invasions of E. annuus affect biodiversity worldwide through its rapid growth and high seed production, phenotypic plasticity in the native range with regard to the availability of soil nutrients and release of compounds to the soil over the period of plant growth. Consequently, invaded ecosystems suffer from significant loss in economic and cultural value.
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