Abstract. The oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) natural fibres were comprehensively reviewed to assess their potential as reinforcing materials in polymer composites for energy absorption during low-velocity impact. The typical oil palm wastes include trunks, fronds, kernel shells, and empty fruit bunches. This has a tendency to burden the industry players with disposal difficulties and escalates the operating cost. Thus, there are several initiatives have been employed to convert these wastes into value added products. The objective of this study is to review the potential of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) as natural fibre polymer composite reinforcement to absorb the energy during low-velocity impact as another option for value added products. Initially, this paper reviewed the local oil palm waste issues. Previous research works on OPEFB polymer composite, and their mechanical characterization is appraised. Their potential for energy absorption in low-velocity impact application was also elaborated. The review suggests high potential applications of OPEFB as reinforcing materials in composite structures. Furthermore, it is wisely to utilize the oil palm biomass waste into a beneficial composite, hence, promotes the green environment.
Electromyography is a study of muscle function through the analysis of electrical signals emanated during muscular and muscle contractions. In the post-stroke rehabilitation process, monitoring of muscle activity is very important to know the developments of muscle strength. EMG signals, which produced by muscle activity have information such as muscle contractions, muscle strength and muscle weakness. Rehabilitation process that takes a long period of time can cause muscle fatigue, and the rehabilitation becomes inefficient. The objective of this research is to analyze the muscle fatigue during arm movements by using EMG signals. In this study, deltoid and biceps are monitored by using EMG and the signal are analyzed by using MATLAB. Five healthy subjects are selected to perform the rehabilitation in the experiments. Functional and fundamental movements are used in the data collections. The mean as a feature from a frequency domain is proposed to be used in the analysis. The results show that the signal contractions from deltoid and biceps muscles decreased constantly by the time. In the process of rehabilitation, the stroke sufferers should not do the exercise in a long period of time.
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