M arigold (Tageteserecta L.) is herbaceous annual plant belongs to the family Asteraceae (Kumar et al., 2016). Marigold is used both for ornamental and medicinal purposes. It is also used in cosmetic and perfume industry due to its aromatic nature and essential oil contents (Regaswamy and Koilpillai, 2014). Marigold is a major seasonal flowering plant grown in the public parks, gardens, and roadside Abstract | Salt stress is major concerns to agriculture globally. Salt stress interferes enzymatic activities and several physiological processes that lead to reduction in crop yield and quality. The current investigation was performed at Horticulture Garden where two marigold cultivars (V 1 = African orange and V 2 = Dwarf double mix) were subjected to salinity stress condition (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 dS m -1 ). The results exhibited that salt stress revealed adverse effect on all the parameters of both of the varieties of marigold. The plants irrigated with canal water (control) having EC of 0.7 dSm -1 showed better results for both seed and flowering related traits. The plants treated with canal water showed better seed germination (82.56 %), seed germination index (2.04), plant height (21.31 cm), branches/plant (45.61), leaves/plant (201.67), flowers/plant (8.56), diameter of flower (7.95 cm), fresh root biomass (0.821 g) and dry root biomass (2.28 mg). The plants treated with 2 dSm -1 showed seed germination (65.35 %), seed germination index (1.53), plant height (16.61cm), branches/plant (40.38), leaves/plant (195.33), flowers/plant (6.83), diameter of flower (6.75 cm), fresh root biomass (0.718 g) and dry root biomass (2.04 mg). It was further noted that as the salt stress increases the plant performance for all investigated traits decreased significantly. The varieties showed highly different responses for both seed and flowering related attributes. The variety dwarf double mix had a better seed germination and flowering growth and production in comparison with African orange. The double mix showed better seed germination (64.64 %), seed germination index (1.53), plant height (14.94 cm), branches/plant (36.71), leaves/plant (190.73), flowers/ plant (5.64), diameter of flower (6.32 cm), fresh root biomass (0.660 g) and dry root biomass (2.12 mg). It is concluded that salt stress up to 0.7 dSm -1 did not reveal any adverse effects on germination and flowering response of marigold. The salinity at 2, 6 and 8 dSm -1 caused simultaneous adverse effects on all the studied parameters.
S ugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is world's largest crop in terms of total production and one of the Pakistan's major cash crop (Khan et al., 2018). Sugarcane is the world's largest crop by production quantity, with 1.8 billion tons produced in 2017,with Brazilian counting for 40% of the world total. In 2012, the Food and Agriculture Organization estimated it was cultivated on about 26 million hectares (64 million acres), in more than 90 countries (Wikipedia, 2020). Pakistan is the fifth largest sugarcane producer Abstract | The use of inorganic fertilizers in Pakistan is imbalanced and inappropriate. It is very important to use proper doses of balanced fertilizers to exploit the maximum yield potential of cane crop. This study focused on hypothesis that application of suitable planting methods and NPK level play a major role in improving sugarcane yield and quality. Experiment was performed under field conditions at Sugarcane Research Institute, Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan (located at 250 25.19 N 680 32.07 E) during 2016-17, repeated in 2017-18 and data was averaged. The sugarcane variety PSTJ-41 was used for this study. The experiment was laid out in spilt plot design. Main-plot consisted of planting methods i.e. single set (parallel to furrow), double sett (parallel to furrow), single set (across furrow) whereas, sub-plot comprised of NPK levels i.e.166-084-165 kg ha -1 (25 % < recommended), 225-112-220 kg ha -1 (recommended), 281-140-275 kg ha -1 (25%>recommended). Results exhibited significant effects of planting methods and NPK application on most studied parameters. In case of planting methods, substantially higher seed germination (%), crop growth rate (g m -2 day -1 ), leaf area index (%), cane length (cm), internodes cane -1 , cane yield (t ha -1 ), brix (%) and commercial cane sugar (%)were recorded under double sett (parallel to furrow). As regards NPK levels, 281-140-275 kg ha -1 (25%>recommended) produced significantly increased in growth and yield characters particularly, cane yield (t ha -1 ) and brix (%). The findings of the study further suggested that interaction of double sett (parallel to furrow) with NPK levels 281-140-275 kg ha -1 (25%>recommended) resulted in highest performance of crop especially yield and quality traits.
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