Graphene and its derivatives have been widely used for the electrochemical detection of dopamine (DA) neurotransmitter, thanks to its high surface area and excellent conductivity. Modified graphene and graphene-based nanocomposites have shown improved catalytic activity towards DA detection. Various modification approaches have been taken, including heteroatom doping and association with other nanomaterials. This review summarizes and highlights the recent advances in graphene-based electrodes for the electrochemical detection of DA. It also aims to provide an overview of the advantages of using polymer as a linker platform to form graphene-based nanocomposites applied to electrochemical DA sensors.
Electrochemical sensor for the individual and the simultaneous detection of dopamine (DA), ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA) based on redox conjugated "poly(paraphenylene)" (Fc-ac-PPP) bearing ferrocene and carboxylic acid in lateral position has been developed. The electrochemical characterization of the sensor has been studied with cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and chronoamperometry (CA). We highlighted that the catalytic activity of the Fc-ac-PPP polymer provided by it's redox electrochemical properties and chemical structure allows to the electrochemical detection of DA, AA and UA. We demonstrated that the sensor provides high sensitivity and selective signal in the coexistence of DA, AA and UA within short time. Low detection limits and wide linear ranges of detection have been demonstrated respectively for DA 3×10 -10 M (1nM-10µM), AA 1.6×10 -8 M (0.1 µM -1mM), and UA 1×10 -8 M (0.1µM-1mM). In addition, the sensor has been successfully applied to determine DA in urine and human serum samples even in the presence of high concentrations of AA and UA. This sensor could be a powerful device for the detection of other electroactive compounds thanks to it's high catalytic properties and chemical structure.
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