Introduction: Maca (Lepidium meyenii) belongs to the Brassicaceae family and it grows in Peru´s central Andes above 4000 and 4500 meters of altitude from the sea level. The plant belongs to the brassica (mustard) family and the Lepidium genus. Its closest relatives are rapeseed, mustard, turnip, and cabbage. Maca has multiple clinical applications like proactive against cancer, libido maintenance, menopause, and fertility. There are several mechanisms the Maca could impact at fertility problems.The increase of Luteinizing hormone (LH), increase the semen quality and improve sexual development in male, and at female, increases the libido and improve menopause symptoms with a possible influence at germ cell quality.
Introduction: The rising prevalence of child obesity has a profound impact on worldwide health, nowadays, the children that have an increased body mass index (BMI) associated with: diet, sedentarism and genetic influence, results in obese child since early ages. The problem has been demonstrated, that since embryo stage, uterus environment promotes expression of genes that predispose degenerative diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity. Obesity during the childhood continue to puberty create a proinflammatory microenvironment that impact germ cells directly. Male obesity is associated with compromised spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis due to hormone levels alterations. Female obesity is associated to ovulatory disorders, poorer outcomes in fertility treatment and requires higher doses of medications for ovulation induction. Pregnancy rate vary among studies however there is a clear association between obesity and early pregnancy loss. There are several mechanisms why obesity causes fertility problems. The increase of leptin concentration, decrease of adiponectin levels, variation of kiss pectin expression to reach puberty all affect hormonal level and influence germ cell development. Objectives: To describe the impact of obesity in childhood and the possible negative prognosis on future fertility. Methods: Literature search was performed in PubMed from January 2000 to March 2017 using the search terms child obesity and: infertility, spermiogenesis, spermatogenesis, ovulation, oocyte, and pregnancy rates. Conclusion: Obesity affects fertility since intrauterine development all the way though adult life. Obesity has multiple effects that involve fertility that creates a constant proinflammatory microenvironment in germ cell that have a negative impact on reproduction in adults of both genders.
Introduction: The rising prevalence of child obesity has a profound impact on worldwide health. Children who have an increased body mass index associated with diet, sedentarism and genetic influence, results in obesity since early ages. From the embryo stage, the uterine environment promotes expression of genes that predispose degenerative diseases such as diabetes, hypertension and obesity. Obesity during childhood continues at puberty, creating a proinflammatory microenvironment that impacts germ cells directly. Male obesity is associated with altered spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis due to modifications on hormone levels. Female obesity is associated with ovulatory disorders and poor outcomes in fertility treatment, requiring higher doses of medications for ovulation induction. Pregnancy rates vary among studies; however, there is a clear association between obesity and early pregnancy loss. There are several mechanisms explaining how obesity causes fertility problems. The increase in leptin concentration, decrease in adiponectin levels and a variation in kisspeptin expression to reach puberty, all affect the hormonal level and influence germ cell development. Objectives: To describe the impact of obesity in childhood and the possible negative prognosis on future fertility. Methods: Literature search was performed in PubMed from January 2000 to March 2017 using the search terms child obesity, infertility, spermiogenesis, spermatogenesis, ovulation, oocyte and pregnancy rates. Conclusion: Obesity affects fertility from intrauterine development all the way though adult life. Obesity has multiple effects with respect to fertility and creates a constant pro-inflammatory microenvironment in germ cells, which in turn has a negative impact on reproduction in adulthood of both sexes.
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