Introduction: Immobilization in the elderly can reduce the
size and strength of muscle mass and ultimately lead to sarcopenia, the severity and
progression of which can be prevented by exercise. However, due to physical and mental
conditions, the elderly may be unable to take full advantage of regular exercise.
Therefore, fun exercise through motivation and effective participation of older adults is
likely to have positive effects on decreasing the volume and power of muscle mass. The aim
of this study was to determine the effect of fun physical activities on the progression of
sarcopenia among elderly residents in nursing homes.
Methods: This study was a two-group randomized controlled
trial conducted in 2014. Sixty three older adults were recruited by the random sampling.
The elderly in the fun physical exercise group did the exercise for 8 weeks, three times a
week for 20 minutes at a time, and in the control group, the adults did the routine
exercises. The Berg Balance Scale, a dynamometer, and the Six-Minute Walk Test were used
to measure sarcopenia criteria (balance, muscle strength, distance traveled).The
statistical analysis was done by SPSS version 13.
Results: The results showed that the mean score of the
sarcopenia criterion (balance, distance walked, muscles strength) was significantly
increased in the fun physical exercise group than in the control group.
Conclusion: The fun physical activity reduces sarcopenia
progression through improving balance, increasing distances walked, and strengthening
muscles.
Background. Few studies have focused on the agreement level of pediatric triage scales (PTSs). The aim of this meta-analytic review was to examine the level of inter-rater reliability of PTSs. Methods. Detailed searches of a number of electronic databases were performed up to 1 March 2019. Studies that reported sample sizes, reliability coefficients, and a comprehensive description of the assessment of the inter-rater reliability of PTSs were included. The articles were selected according to the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) taxonomy. Two reviewers were involved in the study selection, quality assessment, and data extraction and performed the review process. The effect size was estimated by z-transformation of reliability coefficients. Data were pooled with random-effects models, and a metaregression analysis was performed based on the method of moments estimator. Results. Thirteen studies were included. The pooled coefficient for the level of agreement was 0.727 (confidence interval (CI) 95%: 0.650–0.790). The level of agreement on PTSs was substantial, with a value of 0.25 (95% CI: 0.202–0.297) for the Australasian Triage Scale (ATS), 0.571 (95% CI: 0.372–0.720) for the Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS), 0.810 (95% CI: 0.711–0.877) for the Emergency Severity Index (ESI), and 0.755 (95% CI: 0.522–0.883) for the Manchester Triage System (MTS). Conclusions. Overall, the reliability of pediatric triage systems was substantial, and this level of agreement should be considered acceptable for triage in the pediatric emergency department. Further studies on the level of agreement of pediatric triage systems are needed.
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