BackgroundThe subtype distribution of lymphoid neoplasms in Southwest China was analyzed according to WHO classifications. This study aims to analyze subtype distribution of lymphomas in southwest China.MethodsLymphoid neoplasms diagnosed within 9 years in a single institution in Southwest China were analyzed according to the WHO classification.ResultsFrom January 2000 to December 2008, a total number of 6,382 patients with lymphoma were established, of which mature B-cell neoplasms accounted for 56%, mature T- and NK-cell neoplasms occupied 26%, and precursor lymphoid neoplasms and Hodgkin lymphomas were 5% and 13%, respectively. Mixed cellularity (76%) was the major subtype of classical Hodgkin lymphoma; and the bimodal age distribution was not observed. The top six subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma were as follows: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue, follicular lymphoma, precursor lymphoid neoplasms, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. Extranodal lymphomas comprised about half of all cases, and most frequently involved Waldeyer's ring, gastrointestinal tract, sinonasal region and skin.ConclusionsThe lymphoid neoplasms of Southwest China displayed some epidemiologic features similar to those reported in literature from western and Asian countries, as well as other regions of China, whereas some subtypes showed distinct features. The high frequency of mature T/NK cell neoplasms and extranodal lymphomas, especially for extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, is the most outstanding characteristic of this series.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent chronic joint diseases worldwide, which causes a series of problems, such as joint pain, muscle atrophy, and joint deformities. Benefiting from some advances in the clinical treatment of OA, the quality of life of OA patients has been improved. However, the clinical need for more effective treatments for OA is still very urgent. Increasing findings show that macrophages are a critical breakthrough in OA therapy. Stimulated by different factors, macrophages are differentiated into two phenotypes: the pro-inflammatory M1 type and anti-inflammatory M2 type. In this study, various therapeutic reagents for macrophage-dependent OA treatment are summarized, including physical stimuli, chemical compounds, and biological molecules. Subsequently, the mechanisms of action of various approaches to modulating macrophages are discussed, and the signaling pathways underlying these treatments are interpreted. The NF-κB signaling pathway plays a vital role in the occurrence and development of macrophage-mediated OA, as NF-κB signaling pathway agonists promote the occurrence of OA, whereas NF-κB inhibitors ameliorate OA. Besides, several signaling pathways are also involved in the process of OA, including the JNK, Akt, MAPK, STAT6, Wnt/β-catenin, and mTOR pathways. In summary, macrophage polarization is a critical node in regulating the inflammatory response of OA. Reagents targeting the polarization of macrophages can effectively inhibit inflammation in the joints, which finally relieves OA symptoms. Our work lays the foundation for the development of macrophage-targeted therapeutic molecules and helps to elucidate the role of macrophages in OA.

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