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The genetic manipulation of mice has become an essential and elegant method for studying the function of proteins in physiology, and for testing the veracity of information obtained from cell culture experiments. During the past few years, a variety of transgenic and knockout mouse models of PKB (protein kinase B)/Akt have been generated and investigated. In this paper, we focus on the phenotypes of these PKB/Akt overexpression and mutant mice that may help to elucidate the functions exerted by PKB/Akt in mammals.

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Influence of the process parameters of a reactive mid-frequency dual-magnetron sputtering on surface defects of CrxOy film was investigated. The forming mechanisms of the observed droplets and craters were analyzed. The optimal parameter combination for accomplishing fewer surface defects was explored; and the optimized process parameters evidently minimized the surface defects of the film. In the condition of the target current of 16 A, the gases pressure of 0.31 Pa, and the bias voltages in a range of -120~-240 V, an optimized CrxOy film has been synthesized with surface defect density low to 78 defect/mm-2.