Three-dimensional temperature (T)–pressure (P)–composition (X) phase diagrams of binary carbon-hydrogen (C–H) and carbon-oxygen (C–O) systems for activated low pressure diamond growth have been calculated. Based on an approximation of linear combination between C–H and C–O systems, a projective ternary carbonhydrogen-oxygen (C–H–O) phase diagram has also been obtained. There is always a diamond growth region in each of these phase diagrams. Once a supply of external activating energy stops, the diamond growth region will not exist. Nearly all of the reliable experimental data reported in the literature drop into the possible diamond growth region of the calculated projective ternary C–H–O phase diagram under the conditions of 0.01–100 kPa and above 700 K.
BackgroundTo explore whether plasma fatty acids and SNPs in the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and coronary artery disease (CAD).MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, we utilized gas chromatography–mass spectrometric analysis and the high-resolution melting method to detect plasma fatty acids and SNPs respectively (rs174537G>T, rs174616C>T, rs174460T>C, and rs174450A>C) in 234 T2D, 200 CAD, 185 T2D&CAD patients, and 253 healthy controls.ResultsWe found that T2D&CAD patients had the highest plasma arachidonic acid, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid and delta-6 desaturase, and the lowest stearic acid, linolenic acid, and saturated fatty acids; plasma eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid elevated in T2D patients, but significantly reduced in CAD patients. Moreover, T2D patients with rs174537 GG genotype were at risk of developing T2D&CAD (odds ratio (OR) 1.763; 95 % CI 1.143–2.718; p = 0.010), with elevated plasma LDL-cholesterol, arachidonic acid, and delta-6 desaturase.ConclusionsOur results show that SNPs in FADS gene (particularly rs174537) associate with plasma fatty acids and desaturase levels in patients with both T2D and CAD, which maybe increases the risk of CAD in diabetic patients.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-016-0834-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Acrylic acid and propionic acid are important chemicals requiring affordable, renewable production solutions. Here, we metabolically engineered Escherichia coli with genes encoding components of the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle from Metallosphaera sedula for conversion of glucose to acrylic and propionic acids. To construct an acrylic acid-producing pathway in E. coli, heterologous expression of malonyl-CoA reductase (MCR), malonate semialdehyde reductase (MSR), 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA synthetase (3HPCS), and 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase (3HPCD) from M. sedula was accompanied by overexpression of succinyl-CoA synthetase (SCS) from E. coli. The engineered strain produced 13.28 ± 0.12 mg/L of acrylic acid. To construct a propionic acid-producing pathway, the same five genes were expressed, with the addition of M. sedula acryloyl-CoA reductase (ACR). The engineered strain produced 1430 ± 30 mg/L of propionic acid. This approach can be expanded to synthesize many important organic chemicals, creating new opportunities for the production of chemicals by carbon dioxide fixation.
Plasma activated water (PAW), as a green and potential technology, plays a significant role in bio-medicine applications. Surface-to-volume ratio of treated liquid during the preparation of PAW seriously affects the PAW chemistry characteristics, and ultimately results in different biological effects. However, that how does the surface-to-volume ratio affect PAW characteristics and anticancer effect induced by PAW is unclear. In this work, the surface-to-volume ratio is regulated to investigate the dynamic variation of chemical characteristics and cell apoptosis. Results display physicochemical properties including pH, ORP, and liquid temperature are varied with nonlinear trend besides conductivity. While the levels of RONS containing NO2
−, NO3
−, H+ are changed with linear trend except H2O2 ONOO− and O
.
2
−. Furthermore, increasing surface-to-volume ratio could effectively accelerate cell apoptosis, enhance intracellular ROS concentration and strengthen anticancer effects. Thus, it is concluded that tuning surface to volume ratio can effectively enhance the reactive species flux into the liquid that leads to remarkable anticancer activity of PAW rather than the surface-to-volume ratio that is directly responsible for the enhanced impact on the cells. Additionally, the possible apoptosis mechanisms linked with RONS are also discussed. Clarifying the relationship between the surface-to-volume ratio and the PAW characteristics is beneficial to much insights into the chemistry nature of PAW and tailoring biological effect caused by PAW.
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