Objectives To compare clinical and radiographic outcomes between transcrestal sinus floor elevation (TSFE) and lateral sinus floor elevation (LSFE) approaches of simultaneous implant placement in atrophic maxilla. Materials and Methods Patients with a residual bone height (RBH) ≤6 mm were enrolled and randomly assigned to TSFE and LSFE groups. Patients in both groups simultaneously underwent sinus floor elevation with bovine‐derived xenograft and implant placement. Clinical and radiographic results were evaluated immediately after surgery and after 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. The endo‐sinus bone gain (ESBG), apical implant bone height (ABH), endo‐sinus bone–implant contact rate (EBICR), and crestal bone level (CBL) were assessed using panoramic radiographs. Results Forty‐one implants (TSFE: 21, LSFE: 20) were placed in cases with a mean RBH of 3.77 ± 1.16 mm. All implants obtained clinical success and satisfactory ESBG at 24 months. No significant differences were found in ESBG and ABH between two groups immediately after surgery, but LSFE group showed significantly higher values than TSFE group thereafter. Grafts in TSFE group reached stability 6 months earlier than that in LSFE group. In both groups, EBICR was almost 100%, and CBL showed no detectable changes. Conclusions LSFE can achieve higher ESBG 2 years after surgery. Otherwise, TSFE could be an alternative to LSFE, when the access for lateral window preparation is limited. Both approaches were highly predictable for RBH ≤6 mm during 24‐month observation period for the implants placed simultaneously.

In-situ bioprinting is attractive for directly depositing the therapy bioink at the defective organs to repair them, especially for occupations such as soldiers, athletes, and drivers who can be injured in emergency. However, traditional bioink displays obvious limitations in its complex operation environments. Here, we design a bioconcrete bioink with electrosprayed cell-laden microgels as the aggregate and gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) precursor solution as the cement. Promising printability is guaranteed with a wide temperature range benefiting from robust rheological properties of photocrosslinked microgel aggregate and fluidity of GelMA cement. Composite components simultaneously self-adapt to biocompatibility and different tissue mechanical microenvironment. Strong binding on tissue-hydrogel interface is achieved by hydrogen bonds and friction when the cement is photocrosslinked. This bioink owns good portability and can be easily prepared in urgent accidents. Meanwhile, microgels can be cultured to mini tissues and then mixed as bioink aggregates, indicating our bioconcrete can be functionalized faster than normal bioinks. The cranial defects repair results verify the superiority of this bioink and its potential in clinical settings required in in-situ treatment.

Asperosaponin VI (ASA VI), a natural compound isolated from the well-known traditional Chinese herb Radix Dipsaci, has an important role in promoting osteoblast formation. However, its effects on osteoblasts in the context of osteoporosis is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanism of ASA VI action on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells isolated from the ovariectomized rats (OVX rBMSCs). The toxicity of ASA VI and its effects on the proliferation of OVX rBMSCs were measured using a CCK-8 assay. Various osteogenic differentiation markers were also analyzed, such as ALP activity, calcified nodule formation, and the expression of osteogenic genes, i.e., ALP, OCN, COL 1 and RUNX2. The results indicated that ASA VI promoted the proliferation of OVX rBMSCs and enhanced ALP activity and calcified nodule formation. In addition, while ASA VI enhanced the expression of ALP, OCN, Col 1 and RUNX2, treatment with LY294002 reduced all of these osteogenic effects and reduced the p-AKT levels induced by ASA VI. These results suggest that ASA VI promotes the osteogenic differentiation of OVX rBMSCs by acting on the phosphatidylinositol—3 kinase/AKT signaling pathway.