Cu-NP-embedded hydrogel (BACA/Cu NPs/Gel-MA hydrogel) produces ROS for photothermal therapy, killing bacteria, and promoting wound healing.

Multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (MRP3, ABCC3) plays an important role in protecting hepatocytes and other tissues by excreting an array of toxic organic anion conjugates, including bile salts. MRP3/ABCC3 expression is increased in the liver of some cholestatic patients, but the molecular mechanism of this up-regulation remains elusive. In this report, we assessed liver MRP3/ABCC3 expression in patients (n=22) with obstructive cholestasis due to gallstones blockage of bile ducts and non-cholestatic patient controls (n=22). MRP3/ABCC3 mRNA and protein expression were significantly increased 3.4- and 4.6- fold, respectively in these cholestatic patients where elevated plasma TNFα (4.7-fold, P<0.01) and hepatic SP1 and LRH-1 expression (3.1- and 2.1-fold at mRNA level, 3.5- and 2.5-fold at protein level, respectively) were also observed. The induction of hepatic MRP3/ABCC3 mRNA expression is significantly positively correlated with the level of plasma TNFα in these patients. In HepG2 cells, TNFα treatment induced SP1 and MRP3/ABCC3 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner, where increased phosphorylation of JNK/SAPK was also detected. These inductions were significantly reduced in the presence of the JNK inhibitor SP600125. TNFα treatment enhanced HepG2 cell nuclear extract binding activity to the MRP3/ABCC3 promoter, but was abolished by SP600125 as demonstrated by EMSA. An increase in nuclear protein binding activity to the MRP3/ABCC3 promoter consisting primarily of SP1 was also seen in liver samples from cholestatic patients as assessed by supershift EMSA assays. Conclusions Our findings indicate that up-regulation of hepatic MRP3/ABCC3 expression in human obstructive cholestasis is likely triggered by TNFα, mediated by activations of JNK/SAPK and SP1.

Background Achaete scute-like 2 (Ascl2), a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, controls the fate of intestinal stem cells. However, the role of Ascl2 in colon cancer progenitor cells remains unknown. The cell line HT-29 (47.5–95% of CD133 + population) and LS174T (0.45% of CD133 + population) were chosen for functional evaluation of Ascl2 in colon cancer progenitor cells after gene knockdown by RNA interference. Methodology/Principal Findings Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that Ascl2 was significantly increased in colorectal adenocarcinomas. Downregulation of Ascl2 using RNA interference in cultured colonic adenocarcinoma HT-29 and LS174T cells reduced cellular proliferation, colony-forming ability, invasion and migration in vitro, and resulted in the growth arrest of tumor xenografts in vivo. The Ascl2 protein level in CD133 + HT-29 cells was significantly higher than in CD133 − HT-29 cells. Ascl2 blockade via shRNA interference in HT-29 cells (shRNA-Ascl2/HT-29 cells) resulted in 26.2% of cells staining CD133 + compared with 54.7% in control shRNA-Ctr/HT-29 cells. The levels of ‘stemness’ associated genes, such as CD133, Sox2, Oct4, Lgr5, Bmi1, and C-myc, were significantly decreased in shRNA-Ascl2/HT-29 and shRNA-Ascl2/LS174T cells in vitro as well as in the corresponding tumor xenograft (CD133 was not performed in shRNA-Ascl2/LS174T cells). The shRNA-Ascl2/HT-29 cells had inhibited abilities to form tumorspheres compared with control. The microRNA (miRNAs) microarrays, identified 26 up-regulated miRNAs and 58 down-regulated miRNAs in shRNA-Ascl2/HT-29 cells. Expression levels of let-7b, miRNA-124, miRNA-125b, miRNA-17, miRNA-20a and miRNA-302b, involved in the regulation of ‘stemness’, were quantified with qPCR, which confirmed their identities. Restoration of miRNA-302b, via its mimic, led to the restoration of shRNA-Ascl2/HT-29 ‘stemness’ characteristics, including tumorsphere formation and ‘stemness’ associated genes levels, and the recovery of cellular behaviors, including colony-forming ability, invasion and migration in vitro. Conclusions/Significance Ascl2 may be a potential target for the inhibition of colon cancer progenitor cells, and functions through a miR-302b-related mechanism.