Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have great clinical potential in modulating inflammation and promoting tissue repair. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have recently emerged as a potentially superior cell source for MSCs. However, the generation methods reported so far vary greatly in quality and efficiency. Here, we describe a novel method to rapidly and efficiently produce MSCs from hESCs via a trophoblast-like intermediate stage in approximately 11-16 days. We term these cells "T-MSCs" and show that T-MSCs express a phenotype and differentiation potential minimally required to define MSCs. T-MSCs exhibit potent immunomodulatory activity in vitro as they can remarkably inhibit proliferation of cocultured T and B lymphocytes. Unlike bone marrow MSCs, T-MSCs do not have increased expression of inflammatory mediators in response to IFNc. Moreover, T-MSCs constitutively express a high level of the immune inhibitory ligand PD-L1 and elicit strong and durable efficacy in two distinct animal models of autoimmune disease, dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis, and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, at doses near those approved for clinical trials. Together, we present a simple and fast derivation method to generate MSCs from hESCs, which possess potent immunomodulatory properties in vitro and in vivo and may serve as a novel and ideal candidate for MSC-based therapies. STEM CELLS 2016;34:380-391 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHere, we report a novel method to derive MSCs from hESCs via a trophoblast intermediate stage called T-MSCs. This method is the most rapid and simple method to derive hESC-MSCs reported to date. T-MSCs elicit strong and durable efficacy in two distinct animal models of autoimmune disease at lower doses approaching those approved for clinical trials. Our findings suggest that T-MS, which can be reliably derived from an unlimited source of hESCs, can be developed into a novel therapy for autoimmune diseases with stronger efficacy and higher safety than MSCs derived from adult tissues.
Background/Aims: The Hippo signaling pathway regulates expansion and differentiation of stem cells and tissue progenitor cells during organ development and tissue regeneration. Previous studies have shown that YAP1, a potent effector of the Hippo signaling pathway, plays a crucial role in pancreas development, but the function of YAP1 in pancreatic progenitor cells is less known. Methods: The spatio-temporal expression pattern of YAP1 in mouse developing pancreata was detected by in situ hybridization. The effect of silencing YAP1 on the proliferation of pancreatic progenitor cells was analyzed by CCK-8 assay and Ki67 immunostaining. The regulation of miR-375 on YAP1 expression was determined by dual luciferase reporter assay, QRT-PCR and western blot. Finally, the influence of miR-375 on proliferation of pancreatic progenitor cells was analyzed by CCK-8 assay and Ki67 immunostaining. Results: We found that YAP1 was highly expressed in embryonic and adult pancreatic progenitor cells. Knocking down YAP1 by siRNA inhibited the proliferation of pancreatic progenitor cells. The mouse YAP1 was a target gene of miR-375, and miR-375 could target the 3' UTR of YAP1 mRNA to decrease its protein and mRNA levels. Similar to silencing YAP1 by siRNA, the proliferation of pancreatic progenitor cells was inhibited significantly by miR-375. Conclusion: Our results indicate that YAP1 is necessary for the proliferation of pancreatic progenitor cells and miR-375 participates in regulating YAP1 expression during pancreatic progenitor cells differentiation.
a b s t r a c tMiR-17-92 cluster miRNAs are disclosed to contribute to the development of multiple organs and tumorigenesis, but their roles in pancreas development remains unclear. In this study, we found that miR-19b, a member of miR-17-92, was highly expressed in the pancreatic progenitor cells, and miR-19b could target the 3 0 UTR of NeuroD1 mRNA to decrease its protein and mRNA levels. Functional analysis showed that miR-19b exerted little effect on the proliferation of pancreatic progenitors, whereas it inhibited the expression of insulin 1, but not insulin 2 in MIN6 cells. These results suggest that miR-19b can downregulate insulin 1 expression through targeting transcription factor NeuroD1, and thus regulate the differentiation and function of b-cells.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been derived from a variety of tissues, and cultured either in animal serum-containing (SC) or serum-free (SF) media. We have previously derived MSC from human embryonic stem cells via an intermediate trophoblast step (named EMSC), which also have immunosuppressive and therapeutic effects on animal models of autoimmune disease. To promote the clinical application of this new source of MSC, we report here EMSC derived and cultured in a SF medium MesenCult (SF-EMSC) in comparison with a SC medium (SC-EMSC). SF-EMSC derived in MesenCult also expressed typical MSC markers CD73, CD90, and CD105, and manifested multipotency to differentiate to osteocytes, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. Comparably, CD105+ cells reached 90% about one week slower in the SF than SC conditions, and the proliferation rate was slightly faster for SF-EMSC than SC-EMSC at later passages. Both SF- and SC-EMSC responded similarly to the inflammatory stimulus IFNγ. However, the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 were expressed much less in SF-EMSC than SC-EMSC. Furthermore, knockdown of P16INK4A in both SF- and SC-EMSC reduced replicative senescence. Together, our results suggest that EMSC can be generated in a complete SF condition, and SF-EMSC are largely similar to SC-EMSC. However, it takes longer time to derive EMSC in the SF than SC conditions, and the SF-EMSC proliferate faster at later passages and produce less of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 than SC-EMSC. This study provides important information for production of clinically applicable EMSC.
We designed a pair of primers for sex identification in the brown eared-pheasant (Crossoptilon mantchuricum) based on the mechanism of PCR amplification of CHD fragments, and identified the number of products. The new primers were considered to have more sensitivity than P2/P8, and cross-species application indicated that they can also be used for sex identification in other species of Phasianidae and Passeriformes.
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