We present the first ex vivo images of fresh, native breast tissue obtained from mastectomy specimens using grating interferometry. This technique yields improved diagnostic capabilities when compared with conventional mammography, especially when discerning the type of malignant conversions and their breadth within normal breast tissue. These promising results advance us toward the ultimate goal, using grating interferometry in vivo on humans in a clinical setting.
Grating-based x-ray dark-field computed tomography is a functional method that utilizes the scattering contrast mechanism to explore the inaccessible spatially resolved internal structure of the sample. In this letter, we show that the second moment of the scattering angle distribution can be expressed as the minus logarithm of the visibility degradation of the oscillation curve in grating-based imaging. According to the conclusion of Khelashvili et al. [Phys. Med. Biol. 51, 221 (2006)], the minus logarithm of the visibility ratio fulfills the line integral condition; consequently the scattering information can be reconstructed quantitatively by conventional computed tomography algorithms. Results from a computer simulation and from an actual experiment both validate our deduction.
An in situ combination of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy and quartz crystal microbalance
(QCM) is used to study the electropolymerization and the doping/dedoping behavior of thin poly(pyrrole)
(ppy) films in aqueous solutions. A mixed anion and cation exchange behavior is observed. The mass as
determined with the QCM continuously increases during redox cycling. The combined QCM/SPR data reveal
that this is caused by a relatively slow process occurring when ppy is in the oxidized (polaronic) state. This
behavior is interpreted as an accumulation of neutral salt and solvent in the film.
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