INTRODUCTIONHemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a high inflammatory response syndrome, wherein uncontrolled immune activation leads to multiple organ failure, with high mortality. 1,2 Impaired immune function, such as that of natural killer (NK) or T cells, is a key factor in the occurrence of HLH. 1,3 Overactivation of macrophages can induce hemophagocytosis and a cytokine storm, resulting in clinical manifestations, such as fever, enlargement of the liver and spleen, and reduction of extracellular cells. 4,5 The concept of HLH was proposed by two pediatricians, Scott and Robb Smith, in 1939. 6 Therefore, our understanding of HLH was initially concentrated in children, and adult HLH was gradually recognized. 7 Adult HLH in Italy, Sweden, and the United States have an annual incidence rate of 1 per 800,000 people. 8,9 Increasing annual infections, tumors, and autoimmune diseases are the leading causes of secondary adult HLH in China. 10,11 Red blood cell distribution width (RDW), derived from whole blood count, is a parameter reflecting the volume heterogeneity of red blood cells that can classify anemia. 12,13 Elevated RDW is considered an inflammatory marker that can predict the adverse prognosis of various diseases, including heart failure, acute renal injury, sepsis, and cancer. Platelets play an important role in regulating inflammation and innate immunity. 13,14 They adhere to endothelial cells during acute inflammation, mediating neutrophil chemotaxis, infiltration, and secretion of pro-inflammatory chemokines. Severe infection can lead to a decreased platelet count. Studies 15,16 have shown that platelet count is a predictor of mortality. Adult secondary HLH is associated with rapid progress and high mortality. More biological indicators are needed to predict patients' mortality as they have attracted clinicians' attention and improved patient vitality thus far.
Clove is a kind of food spice, which can be used as food flavoring additive. In this work, we looked at clove's impact and underlying mechanism on cognitive impairment in infected mice. By using the open field test, Morris water maze, ELISA technique, kit method, and qPCR method, the biochemical and molecular biological indices of mice were identified. Clove component composition was established using HPLC. The findings demonstrated that clove might enhance mouse survival rates in comparison to the model group and could also lengthen driving distances, standing and combing periods, target quadrant duration, and crossing periods. In the hippocampus of infected mice, clove can lower levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and MDA while increasing SOD and CAT activity. In the hippocampus of infected animals, clove additionally increased the mRNA expression of SIRT1 and FOXO1 and decreased the mRNA expression of NF-B and p53. Animal studies revealed that clove's impact was comparable to dexamethasone in that it might help septic mice with cognitive impairment. The analysis revealed that rutin, isoquercitrin, ferulic acid, dihydroquercetin, and quercitrin were all present in clove. It is clear that clove can help septic mice with cognitive impairment by triggering SIRT1 through its active components.
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