The aim of the work was to evaluate the callus induction response and in vitro drought tolerance of eight genotypes of safflower. The experiment was laid out as a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement with three replications. To evaluate the drought tolerance of the genotypes, growing calli were exposed to drought stress after two subcultures by adding different concentrations of mannitol to the culture medium for one month. Under stress conditions, the genotypes were compared in terms of proline content, cell viability, relative growth rate, ion content (Na+ and K+), relative water content and index of tolerance. Drought affected all the measured biochemical and physiological factors and there were significant differences between the tested genotypes. The proline content increased in drought-stressed calli, and mannitol, as a stress agent, stimulated the synthesis of proline in all the genotypes, especially at the highest concentration (505 mM), whereas the ion contents, cell viability, RWC, RGR and index of tolerance exhibited a significant decrease. This suggested that these biochemical and physiological traits could be used to predict the drought tolerance of safflower genotypes. The results indicated that the cultivars Isfahan and LRV-51-51 were more drought-tolerant under in vitro conditions than the other genotypes.
Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) is a perennial subshrub, which is distributed across the eastern Mediterranean region to central Asia. One of the most important bioactive compounds of hyssop is diosmin, a flavone glycoside of diosmetin, with application in the field of cardiovascular therapy. Salinity as one of the most essential environmental stress factors is able to alter secondary metabolite content in plants. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of salinity on the levels of total flavonoid content and diosmin in hyssop. Accordingly, salinity stress was imposed by watering plants with four different concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) (50, 100, 150 and 200 mM) for 4 weeks. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was used for purification of diosmin from dried leaves and measurement of it in dried shoots. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was applied for determination of the structure of diosmin. The obtained results showed that high salinity levels lead to a higher amount of total flavonoid and diosmin content in treated plants. Although alteration in diosmin content was not significant in treatments up to 100 mM NaCl, higher amounts of diosmin were observed in 150 and 200 mM NaCl salinity levels. We concluded that the contents of total flavonoid and diosmin were significantly elevated after exposure of hyssop plants to salt stress conditions.
Salt stress is one of the major limiting factors for plant production, and the quality of medicinal plants is also affected by soil salinity. Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) plants were cultivated for four weeks in perlite: sand and irrigated with Hoagland nutrient solution containing 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM NaCl. Plants growth was decreased by salt stress while the leaf relative water content was not affected, and the chlorophyll content decreased only by the highest salt concentration (200 mM). Sodium was accumulated at small amounts, indicating a high ability of this species to exclude salt. Soluble sugars and proline were accumulated up to 1.6 and 4.5 fold, respectively. The antioxidant enzymes activity (peroxidase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase) were increased by the salt treatments, particularly in the leaves. The levels of secondary metabolites (saponins, phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and iridoids) were all increased under salt stress, and the total antioxidant capacity of alcoholic extract of the leaves and roots was significantly higher in the salt-treated compared with control plants. Our results showed that hyssop is a salt-tolerant species, and the quality of this medicinal plant is improved when grown under saline conditions.
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