Paternalistic leadership (PL) is prevalent in organizations in East Asia, but few studies have examined its potential effects in school contexts. This study explored the relationship between PL, trust in the principal, and teachers’ satisfaction and commitment to students, with a focus on the mediating role of trust in the principal in Chinese schools. Using a quantitative method, the study investigated 408 primary schoolteachers in mainland China. The results showed that the three dimensions of PL had different effects on teachers’ job satisfaction, trust in the principal, and commitment to students. Moral leadership had positive effects, while authoritarian leadership had negative effects on teachers’ job satisfaction and commitment to students. Meanwhile, trust in the principal played a mediating role of authoritarian and moral leadership on teachers’ job satisfaction and commitment to students. Finally, implications and suggestions are discussed for leadership practices in Chinese schools and those in similar cultures.
Smart Educational Learning (SEL) has recently opened its ways in various changes in scientific discoveries, informatics, globalization, astronautics production, robotics, and artificial intelligence in the Higher Education System. In such an educational system, managing resources to increase education quality with an effective interactive environment has been considered a significant challenging factor for the Students and Teachers. Hence, in this paper, the internet of things assisted Interactive system (IoT-IS) for Smart Learning is used to measure the teachers’ and students’ performance analysis in the SEL platform. The psychometric processes with standards for effective teaching using smart educational learning tools have been discussed based on the higher education system requirements. Furthermore, an active learning strategy with an attention scoring method promotes students’ performance assessment in the higher education system using the interactive system. Facial expression detection and analysis are used and applied in online classroom videos in the SEL. Based on this detection and analysis, the attention of the students is observed. The experimental results show that the method enhances the student performance ratio of 98.5%, an accuracy ratio of 95.3%, an efficiency ratio of 96.7%, a reliability ratio of 93.2%, and a probability ratio of 94.5% compared to other existing methods.
The English language has become an essential means for communication and studies for international students globally. With the increasing number of international students trooping to China to study diverse courses which are taught in the English medium, there is a need to address challenges faced by international students from non-native English speaking countries. The study adopted an embedded mixed-method approach where face-to-face interviews and focus group discussions were conducted on freshmen international students taking English for Academic Purposes (EAP) in a specific faculty of a university in China. The interviews were supplemented by the Questionnaire of English Self-Efficacy (QESE) to measure their perceived English self-efficacy after the course. An online questionnaire on English Course Evaluation (ECE) was used to measure the students’ assessment of the course. The findings of the study offer insights into the effect of the intervention, challenges faced by students during the course, and suggestions on things to consider during the implementation of English courses for non-native English students in the future.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.