Background/aim: Our aim was to investigate the association of kinesiophobia with pain, quality of life, clinical measures, and depression in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Materials and methods:Patients with AS (n: 163) were enrolled in the study. Kinesiophobia was evaluated with the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK), pain with a visual analog scale (VAS), mobility with Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (BASMI), disease activity with the Bath AS Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), functional status with the Bath AS Functional Index (BASFI), depression level with Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI), and quality of life with the AS Quality of Life Questionnaire (ASQoL). Besides correlation analysis, outcome measures were compared between patients with (TSK ≥ 37) and without (TSK < 37) kinesiophobia.Results: Kinesiophobia was found to be common with a percentage of 66.6%. TSK scores were correlated with VAS, BASFI, ASQoL, and BDI scores (r = 0.259, r = 0.294, r = 0.392, and r = 0.398, respectively; P < 0.05 for each). There were no correlations between TSK and the BASDAI and BASMI scores (r = 0.142, r = 0.198, respectively; P > 0.05). Patients with kinesiophobia had more pain and poorer BASFI, ASQoL, and BDI scores than patients without kinesiophobia (P < 0.05). Conclusion:Our study is the first study that investigated the relationship between kinesiophobia and other clinical measures in AS patients. Pain and psychological status have an impact on fear of movement and thus functional status and quality of life.
Mesoporous metal titanates are very important class of materials for clean energy applications, specifically transition metal titanates and lithium titanates. The molten salt assisted self-assembly (MASA) process offers a new synthetic route to produce mesoporous metal titanate thin films. The process is conducted as follows: first a clear solution that contains two solvents (namely the hydrated salt (Co(NO 3 ) 2 · 6H 2 O or Mn(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O, or LiNO 3 ·xH 2 O, and ethanol), two surfactants (cethyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB, and 10-lauryl ether, C 12 EO 10 ), an acid and titanium source (titanium tetrabutoxide, TTB) is prepared and then spin or spray coated over a substrate to form a thin or thick lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) film, respectively. Finally, the films are converted into transparent spongy mesoporous metal titanates by a fast calcination step. Three mesoporous metal titanates (namely, CoTiO 3 , MnTiO 3 , and Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ) have been successfully synthesized and structurally/thermally characterized using microscopy, spectroscopy, diffraction, and thermal techniques. The mesoporous cobalt and manganese titanates are stable up to 500°C and collapse at around 550°C into nanocrystalline Co 3 O 4 − TiO 2 and Mn 2 O 3 −TiO 2 ; however, lithium titanate is stable up to 550°C and crystalline even at 350°C. The crystallinity and pore size of these titanates can be adjusted by simply controlling the annealing and/or calcination temperatures. ■ INTRODUCTIONThe melting point of metal salts can be reduced significantly in a confined space -known as the confinement effect -such that they may act as solvents in a self-assembly process.1 Organizing surfactants into lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) mesophases by using molten salts can be beneficial in the production of new materials for clean energy applications.2,3 Recently, we have demonstrated that the molten phase of salts can be used as a solvent in the synthesis of mesoporus metal oxide modified silica 2 as well as titania. 3 This process was introduced as molten salt assisted self-assembly (MASA).2,3 The MASA is a useful process in producing materials that are difficult to produce using known synthesis techniques, and it can be regarded as a new synthetic route. Two solvents and two surfactants are needed in this self-assembly process. The first solvent is volatile and is used to homogenize the mixture of the ingredients to produce a clear solution, 2,3 and the second solvent is a salt, which organizes the mixture into an LLC mesophase upon evaporation of the first one. 3 Simply, a clear solution of a mixture of all the ingredients (salt, surfactants, water (or ethanol), polymerizing agent) can be spin coated over a substrate to form a thin film. Further polymerization of the polymerizing component (silica or titania source) takes place in the self-assembled soft media. The MASA process allows for efficient and homogeneous contact between the polymerizing silica or titania and the salt ions. The spin coated fresh samples are usually ...
Summary Recently, better outcomes have been reported when up-to-date developments in flexor tendon surgery and therapy were followed. Slightly tensioned multistrand repairs, judicious venting of pulleys, and early active motion are widely accepted principles. In addition to these principles, tailoring of the repair according to intraoperative active movement with wide awake local anesthesia no tourniquet (WALANT) surgical setting is recommended for better results. We aimed to describe our up-to-date approach to flexor tendon surgery and therapy with the help of visual communication tools of this age. The ideal primary repair of flexor tendons, the management of delayed presentation flexor tendon injuries, the key steps to achieve better results with flexor tendon therapy, and the tele-rehabilitation experience during COVID-19 pandemic will be highlighted. Zone 2 flexor tendon injuries are the most demanding part and will be focused on.
This study emphasized that the posterior capsule's susceptibility to tightness is most evident in frozen shoulder among different shoulder problems.
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