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In this article, we consider a higher-order numerical scheme for the fractional heat equation with Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions. By using a fourth-order compact finitedifference scheme for the spatial variable, we transform the fractional heat equation into a system of ordinary fractional differential equations which can be expressed in integral form. Further, the integral equation is transformed into a difference equation by a modified trapezoidal rule. Numerical results are provided to verify the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

This paper is devoted to the nabla unification of the discrete and continuous Hardy-Copson-type inequalities. Some of the obtained inequalities are nabla counterparts of their delta versions while the others are new even for the discrete, continuous, and delta cases. Moreover, these dynamic inequalities not only generalize and unify the related ones in the literature but also improve them in the special cases.

New versions of a Gronwall–Bellman inequality in the frame of the generalized (Riemann–Liouville and Caputo) proportional fractional derivative are provided. Before proceeding to the main results, we define the generalized Riemann–Liouville and Caputo proportional fractional derivatives and integrals and expose some of their features. We prove our main result in light of some efficient comparison analyses. The Gronwall–Bellman inequality in the case of weighted function is also obtained. By the help of the new proposed inequalities, examples of Riemann–Liouville and Caputo proportional fractional initial value problems are presented to emphasize the solution dependence on the initial data and on the right-hand side.

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A novel Lyapunov-type inequality for Dirichlet problem associated with the quasilinear impulsive system involving the (p j , q j )-Laplacian operator for j = 1,2 is obtained. Then utility of this new inequality is exemplified in finding disconjugacy criterion, obtaining lower bounds for associated eigenvalue problems and investigating boundedness and asymptotic behaviour of oscillatory solutions. The effectiveness of the obtained disconjugacy criterion is illustrated via an example. Our results not only improve the recent related results but also generalize them to the impulsive case.

Abstract. Stability criteria are given for linear periodic Hamiltonian systems with impulse effect. A Lyapunov type inequality and a disconjugacy criterion are also established. The results improve the ones in the literature for such systems.

A new and dierent approach to the investigation of the existence and uniqueness of solution of nonhomogenous impulsive boundary value problems involving the Caputo fractional derivative of order α (1 < α ≤ 2) is brought by using Lyapunov type inequality. To express and to analyze the unique solution, Green's function and its bounds are established, respectively. As far as we know, this approach based on the link between fractional boundary value problems and Lyapunov type inequality, has not been revealed even in the absence of impulse eect. Besides, the novel Lyapunov type inequality generalizes the related ones in the literature.